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55 Cards in this Set
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fatty acids
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any member of the family of continuous-chain carboxylic acids that generally contain 4 to 20 carbon atoms; the most concentrated source of energy used by the cell
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saturated fatty acid
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a long-chain monocarboxylic acid in which each carbon of the chain is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
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unsaturated fatty acid
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a long-chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one carbon-to-carbon DOUBLE bond
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esterification
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the formation of an ester in the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
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acid hydrolysis
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1) reverse of esterification
2) producing fatty acids from esters |
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saponification
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a reaction in which a soap is produced; more generally, the hydrolysis of an ester by an aqueous base
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hydrogenation
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a reaction in which hydrogen (H2) is added to a double or a triple bond
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essential fatty acids
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the fatty acids linolenic and linoleic acids that must be supplied in the diet b/c they cannnot be synthesized by the body
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arachidonic acid
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a fatty acid derived from linoleic acid; the precursor of the prostaglandins
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eicosanoids
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any of the derivatives of twenty-carbon fatty acids, including the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes
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prostaglandins
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a family of hormonelike substances derived from the twenty-carbon fatty acid, arachidonic acid
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glyceride
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a lipid that contains glycerol
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neutral glyceride
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the product of the esterification of glycerol at one, two, or three positions
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monoglyceride
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the product of the esterification of glycerol at one position
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diglyceride
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the product of esterification of glycerol at two positions
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triglyceride
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triacylglycerol; a molecule composed of glycerol esterified to three fatty acids
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phospholipid
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a lipid containing a phosphoryl group
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phosphoglyceride
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a molecule with fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol and a phosphoryl group esterified at the C-3 position
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phosphatidate
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a molecule of glycerol with fatty acids esterified to C-1 and C-2 of glycerol and a FREE phosphoryl group esterified at C-3
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emulsifying agent
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a bipolar molecule that aids in the suspension of fats in water
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sphingolipid
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a phospholipid that is derived from the amino alcohol sphingosine rather than from glycerol
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sphingomyelin
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a sphingolipid found in abundance in the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates cells of the central nervous system
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steroid
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a lipid derived from cholesterol and composed of one five-sided ring and three six-sided rings
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terpene
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the general term for lipids that are synthesized from isoprene units
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terpene include;
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1) steroids
2) bile salts 3) lipid-soluble vitamins 4) chlorophyll |
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cholesterol
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a 27 carbon steroid ring structure that serves as the precursor of the steroid hormones
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wax
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a collection of lipids that are generally considered to be esters of long-chain alcohols
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complex lipid
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a lipid bonded to other types of molecules
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plasma lipoprotein
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a complex composed of lipid and protein that is responsible for the transport of lipids throughout the body
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chylomicron
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a plasma lipoprotein (aggregate of protein and triglycerides) that carries triglycerides from the intestine to all body tissues via the bloodstream
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very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
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a plasma lipoprotein that binds triglycerides synthesized by the liver and carries them to adipose tissue for storage
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low-density lipoproteins(LDL)
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plasma lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues and helps to regulate cholesterol levels in those tissues
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high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
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a plasma lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver
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fluid mosaic model
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the model of membrane stucture that describes the fluid nature of the lipid bilayer and the presence of numerous proteins embedded w/i the membrane
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peripheral membrane protein
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a protein bound to either the inner or the outer surface of a membrane
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transmembrane protein
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a protein that is embedded w/i a membrane and crosses the lipid bilayer, protruding from the membrane both inside and outside the cell
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passive transport
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the net movement of a solute from an area of high [ ] to an area of low [ ]
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facilitated diffusion
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move. of a solute across a memb. from an are a of high [ ] to an area of low [ ] through a transmemb. protein, or permease
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osmosis
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net flow of a solvent across a semipermeable memb. in response to a [ ] gradient
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active transport
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the move. of molecules across a memb. against a [ ] gradient
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fatty acids
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1) straight apiphatic chains w/ carboxylic acid group at one end
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degree of saturation depends on?
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# of double bond
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polysaturated
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multiple double bonds
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double bonds usually cis in?
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natural fatty acids
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melting point determined by?
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degree of unsaturation and chain length
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composition of types of fatty acids in membranes determines?
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fluidity
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Lauric acid
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a typical saturated fatty acid w/ 12 carbon in the chain (in salt form)
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fatty acid
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1) 12-20 carbons
2) even # carbons 3) no blanching 4) nonpolar carbon chain 5) polar COO- group (as anion) |
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an unsaturated fatty acid has?
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one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in chain
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the 1st double bond of an unsaturated fatty acid is usually at?
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the 9th carbon
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the double bonds are?
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1) not conjugated
2) usually CIS |
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Cis double bond result in?
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1) a bent chain
2) lower melting point |
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acylglycerols
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3 hydroxyl groups on glycerol react with fatty acids to produce
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acylglycerols
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1) monoacylglycerols
2) diacylglycerols 3) triacylglycerols |
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triacylglycerol (triglyceride) is formed when?
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when all 3 alcohol groups of glycerol form esters w/ fatty acids
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