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223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gives cell membrane flexibility |
cholesterol |
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structure of lipids |
glycerol head fatty acid tails |
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lipid monomer |
fatty acid |
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fatty acid polymer
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lipid |
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other name for lipids |
triglycerides triacylglycerol |
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organic substances relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents |
lipids |
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improve taste and palatability |
lipids |
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fat soluble vitamins |
A D E K |
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where are lipids stored |
adipose tissue |
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serve as electrical insulator in nerves |
nonpolar lipids |
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serve as means of transport of lipids in blood |
lipoproteins |
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classification of lipids |
simple complex/compound derived |
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esters of fatty acid and glycerol |
fats |
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esters of long chain fatty acids and long chain alcohols |
waxes |
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esters of fatty acids |
simple lipids |
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esters of fatty acids and alcohol; contain other groups |
complex/compound lipids |
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composed of HC rings and a long HC sidechain |
derived lipids |
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under phosphoglycerides |
lecithin cephalin plasmalogen |
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other name for phospholipids |
phosphatids |
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other name for phosphoinositides |
phosphatidylinositol |
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other name for sphingomyelins |
phosphosphingosides |
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under glycolipids |
kerasin phrenosin nervon oxynervon |
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under compound lipids |
phospholipids glycolipids |
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under derived lipids |
steroids terpenes carotenoids |
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under steroids |
cholesterol ergosterol cholestanol coprostanol |
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under terpenes |
monoterpenes diterpenes sesquiterpenes triterpenes tetraterpenes polyterpenes |
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under carotenoids |
carotene xanthophyll lycopene |
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uncharged esters of fatty acids with glycerol |
neutral fats |
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fats in the liquid state |
oil |
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esters of fatty acids (C14-36) with higher molecular weight monohydric chain alcohols (C16-30) |
true waxes |
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solid triacylglycerol at room temp |
fat |
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liquid triacylglycerol at room temp |
oil |
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source of usual fats; contain more? |
animals saturated |
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source of oil; contain more? |
plants unsaturated |
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wax from sheep wool |
lanolin |
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subclassifications of complex lipids |
phospholipid lipoprotein glycolipid |
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may be classified acc to alcohol type present |
glycerophospholipid/phosphoglycerides (glycerol) sphingolipid (sphingosine) |
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glycerophospholipid blocks |
glycerol fatty acids phosphate |
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sphingolipid blocks |
sphingosine fatty acid phosphate choline |
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lipids that contain carbohydrate residues with sphingosine; do not contain phosphate group |
glycolipids |
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present in cerebral tissue |
glycolipids |
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glycolipids are often called |
cerebrosides |
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facilitates the movement of lipids from organ to organ through the bloodstream |
plasma lipoprotein |
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4 major classes of plasma lipoproteins |
chylomicron high density lipoprotein low density lipoprotein very low density lipoprotein |
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density = <0.95 g/mL |
chylomicron |
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carry dietary triglycerides from intestines to other tissues |
chylomicron |
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density = 0.95-1.019 g/mL |
VLDL |
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carry triglycerides from liver |
VLDL |
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density=1.019-1.063 g/mL |
LDL |
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carry cholesterol to peripheral tissues |
LDL |
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density = 1.063-1.210 g/mL |
HDL |
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carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver |
HDL |
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lipid with protein |
lipoprotein |
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good lipoproteins |
HDL |
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precursor and derived lipids |
fatty acid glycerol cholesterol steroid hormones fatty aldehydes fat sol vitamins some other alcs |
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base hydrolysis of esters |
saponification |
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products of saponification |
carboxylic acid salt alcohol |
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under nonsaponifiable lipids |
prostaglandin steroids |
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lipid that is not an ester |
nonsaponifiable lipid |
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fatty acids may be obtained from |
de novo synthesis adipolysis diet |
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refers to the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules |
de novo synthesis |
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small precursor molecules of nucleotides |
formate aspartate |
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the process of converting fat to free fatty acid and glycerol esp by enzyme axn |
adipolysis |
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compound that participates in a chemical rxn that produces another compound |
precursor |
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refers to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway |
precursor |
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contains a long HC chain and a terminal carboxylate group |
fatty acid |
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gives fatty acid acidic property |
COOH |
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f.a. types acc to C chain length; how many Cs? |
short chain (less than 6) medium chain (6-10) long chain (12 and above) |
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f.a. types acc to degree of unsaturation |
saturated unsaturated |
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f.a. types acc to location of double bond |
omega-3 omega-6 |
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how can fatty acids be classified |
acc to C chain length acc to degree of unsaturation acc to location of double bonds |
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f.a. solubility factors |
longer HC chain = less sol more double bonds = more sol |
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f.a. melting point factors |
(chain length and saturation) more double bonds = less melting point |
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naturally occurring f.a. config |
cis |
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more linear f.a. config; occur in partially hydrogenated foods |
trans |
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bad fat config |
trans |
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major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oil |
elaidic acid |
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trans isomer of oleic acid |
elaidic acid |
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increase plasma CETP |
elaidic acid |
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lowers HDL cholesterol |
increase in plasma CETP |
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plasma protein that facilitates the transport of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between the lipoproteins |
cholesteryl ester transfer protein or plasma lipid transfer protein |
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health risks of trans fats |
increase heart disease risk poor blood cholesterol lvls |
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f.a. in nutmeg oil |
myristic acid |
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f.a. in olive oil |
oleic acid |
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f.a. in vegetable oil |
linoleic acid |
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f.a. in linseed oil |
linolenic acid |
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BTA |
butanoic acid; butyric acid |
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found in milk, esp. goat, sheep and buffalo milk, butter, parmesan cheese and as a product of anaerobic fermentation |
butyric acid |
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found in milk chocolate produced by the Hershey process |
butyric acid |
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distinctive smell of butyric acid and taste |
human vomit acrid taste with sweet aftertaste like ether |
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butyric acid detection by dogs and humans |
dogs - 10 ppb humans - 10 ppm |
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colorless oily liquid with fatty, cheesy, waxy, goat and barnyard animal odor |
caproic acid |
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one of the chemicals that give the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo its characteristic unpleasant odor |
caproic acid |
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one of the components of vanilla |
caproic acid |
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components of coconut oil |
lauric acid caproic caprylic capric long chain fats |
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can eliminate fungal infections such as candidiasis |
caprylic acid |
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effective in fighting certain bacteria covered in lipids |
caprylic acid |
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major component of Ben oil or behen oil extracted from Ben oil tree seeds |
behenic acid |
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behenic acid percentage in ben oil |
9% |
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present in oil and oil bearing plants including rapeseed oil and peanut oil and skins |
behenic acid |
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how much behenic acid in 1 ton of peanut skins |
13 pounds 5.9 kg |
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commonly found in beeswax and carnauba wax and is a white crystalline solid |
cerotic acid |
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structural component of mycobacteria and isnt normally present in human tissues; shortcut?; systematic name |
tuberculostearic acid TBSA 10-methyloctadecanoic acid |
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systematic name of myristoleic acid |
9-tetradecenoic acid |
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systematic name of palmitoleic acid |
9-hexadecenoic acid |
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systematic name of oleic acid |
9-octadecenoic acid |
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vaccenic acid systematic name |
11-octadecenoic acid |
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erucic acid systematic name |
13-docosenoic acid |
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what kind of fatty acids cant animals synthesize themselves? |
omega 3 omega 6 |
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animals lack enzymes that catalyze desaturation towards |
methyl end |
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animals have enzymes that can elongate and desaturate towards |
carboxyl end |
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can desaturate towards methyl end |
plants microorganisms |
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essential fatty acids with notation |
linoleic acid (18:2;9,12) linolenic acid |
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scaly skin, water loss through skin, extreme thirst, poor wound healing, failure to gain weight, impaired repro, death |
linoleic acid deficiency |
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blurred vision, neurological symptoms, tingling extremeties |
linolenic acid deficiency |
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critical to prostaglandin formation |
linolenic acid |
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linolenic acid is found in |
canola oil soybean oil linseed oil green leafy veggies |
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studied in Eskimos in Greenland; decrease in coronary heart disease |
20:5 omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid timnodonic acid |
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under nonglyceride lipids |
waxes steroid sphingolipids |
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under sphingolipids |
sphingomyelin glycolipids |
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omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid |
palmitoleic acid |
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common constituent of human adipose tissue |
palmitoleic acid |
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present in all tissues, but high conc in liver |
palmitoleic acid |
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palmitoleic acid is synthesized from palmitic acid by the action of what enzyme |
delta 9 desaturase |
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increase insulin sensitivity by suppressing inflammation as well as inhibit the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells |
palmitoleic acid |
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type of cell found in pancreatic isles |
beta cells |
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main purpose of beta cells |
store and release insulin |
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fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils |
oleic acid |
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the term oleic means |
oil of olive |
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monounsaturated omega 9 fatty acid |
oleic acid |
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polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid |
linoleic acid |
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omega-3 linolenic acid and systematic name |
alpha-linolenic acid 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid |
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omega-6 linolenic acid |
gamma-linolenic acid 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid |
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treats polycystic ovarian syndrome |
evening primrose oil |
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treats rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, high choles |
evening primrose oil |
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prevents and reverses hair loss due to thyroid imbalance |
evening primrose oil |
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used to fight obesity and promote weight loss |
evening primrose oil |
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a plant |
borage |
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used for skin disorders including eczema,etc. |
borage seed oil |
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for rheumatoid arthritis, stress, PMS, ARDS, ADHD, heart disease and stroke prvxn |
borage seed oil |
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used for fever cough and depression |
borage flower and leaves |
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for adrenal insufficiency |
borage |
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to increase breast milk prod and bronchitis and cold treatment |
borage |
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against wrinkles |
peanut oil |
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helps fight cancer, lower choles lvls, boosts immune system |
peanut oil |
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arachidonic acid systematic name and abb |
all-cis-5,8,11,14,-eicosatetraenoic acid ETA |
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timnodonic acid names |
all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid EPA |
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polyunsaturated f.a. that acts as precursor for prostaglandin-3, thromboxane-3 and leukotriene-5 eicosanoids |
timnodonic acid |
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inhibit platelet aggregation |
prostaglandin-3 |
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obtained in the diet by eating oily fish or fish oil |
timnodonic acid |
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f.a. in human breast milk |
timnodonic acid |
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omega-3 fatty acid that is a primary structural component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, sperm, testicles, retina |
cervonic acid |
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cervonic acid systematic name |
all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid DHA |
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cold-water oceanic fish oils are rich in |
cervonic acid |
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lipid esters that contain glycerol and fatty acids |
glycerides |
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classes of glycerides |
neutral glycerides phosphoglycerides |
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non ionic and nonpolar class of glycerides |
neutral glycerides |
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have polar region, the phosphoryl group, in addition to nonpolar f.a. tails |
phosphoglyceride |
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produced after the esterfxn of glycerol with f..a |
neutral glyceride |
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kinda of neutral glyceride |
monoglyceride diglyceride triglyceride |
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main storage form of lipids in man |
triglycerides (adipocytes) |
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groups of lipids that are phosphate esters |
phospholipids |
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a phospholipid that contains glycerol, f.a., phosphoric acid and alcohol (usually an a.alc) |
glycerophospholipid |
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most abundant membrane lipids |
phosphoglycerids |
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phosphoglycerides are derived from |
glycerol-3-phosphate |
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simplest phosphoglyceride that contains a free phosphoryl group |
phosphatidate |
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phosphatidate systematic name |
diacylglycerol-3-phosphate |
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types of triglycerides |
simple mixed |
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2 groups in triglycerides; gives their typical chem props |
ester alkene |
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trygly chem props |
saponification hydrogenation hydrolysis |
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replace H with salt from strong base |
saponifxn |
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produces fatty acid and glycerol; a reverse of formation |
hydrolysis |
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saturates the double bonds in trigly |
hydrogenation |
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products of saponifxn |
glycerol salts of f.a. |
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term generally used to denote a condition of unpleasant odors and flavors in food resulting from deterioration in the fat or oil portion of food |
rancidity |
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kinds of rancidity |
microbial hydrolytic oxidative |
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resists rancidity more |
sat fat |
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active site of hydrolysis |
carboxyl group |
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active site of oxidation |
C double bond C |
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rancidity prevention methods |
1. avoidance of causes; keep in cold dark dry 2. removal of catalyst ( 3. addition of antioxidants |
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causes of rancidity |
(bact/fungal contmxn, high temp, light, oxygen, moisture) |
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catalyzes rancidity |
lead copper |
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antioxidants |
phenol naphthol tannin hydroquinone |
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most common natural antioxidant |
vit E |
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phosporyl group |
PO3 2- |
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phosphate group |
PO4 2- |
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exists in different protonation states |
phosphoryl group a |
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acidic forms of phosphatidates |
phosphatidic acid |
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major constituent of cell membarne |
phosphatidic acid |
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simplest diacylglycerophospholipid |
phosphatidic acid |
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class of phospholipids found in biological membranes |
phosphatidylethanolamine |
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glycerophospholipid found in all living cells
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PE |
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25% of all phospholipids |
PE |
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found particularly in nervous tissue where they make up 45% of phospholipids |
PE |
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contained in egg, mustard, sunflower, soybean |
PC |
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used interchangeably with lecithin altho diff |
PC |
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treating brain-centered stuff |
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treating movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia |
PC |
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primary active ingredient in cosmetic injection products |
PC |
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plays a key role in cell cycle signalling |
PS |
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apoptosis in Greek means |
falling off |
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programmed cell death in multicellular orgs |
apoptosis |
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boosts brain power |
PS |
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PS is for treatment for |
Alzheimer's disease multiple sclerosis muscle soreness stress in athletes |
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glycerophospholipid found in pulmonary surfactant |
PGs |
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surface active lipoprotein complex |
pulmonary surfactant |
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pulmonary surfactant is formed by |
type II alveolar cells |
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main lipid component of surfactant |
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine DPPC |
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reduces surface tension |
surfactant |
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constituent of inner mitochondrial membrane |
cardiolipin |
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a diphosphatidyl glycerol |
cardiolipin |
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cardiolipin systematic name |
1,3-bisphosphatidylglycerol |
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all phospholipid types are tensides. what are tensides?
|
main lipid consti of membranes |
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dipolar (amphoteric) glycerophospholipid; charges? |
PC PE |
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acidic glycerophospholipid; charges?
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PS (2 neg 1 pos) PI (1 neg) cardiolipin (1 neg) |
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not glycerides; no glycerol in them |
sphingolipids |
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categories of sphingolipids |
sphingomyelins glycosphingolipids |
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structural lipid of nerve cell membrane; myelin sheath feature |
sphingmyelins |
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important components of muscle and nerve membranes |
glycosphingolipids |
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systematic name of ceramide |
N-acylsphingosine |
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sphingophospholipid blocks |
glycerol fatty acid alcohol phosphate |
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glycolipid blocks |
glycerol fatty acid saccharide |
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sphingomyelin blocks |
sphingosine fatty acid phosphate choline |
