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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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polyunsaturated FAs |
unsaturated fats with 2 or more double bonds between carbon of a fatty acid chain |
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Short Chain Fatty Acid |
< 6 carbon FA (Acetic C2:0, Propionic C3:0, and Butyric C4:0) |
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Fermentation in Rumen |
CHO degraded to glucose Microbes ferment glucose for energy VFA are a waste product and absorbed by rumen (usually) |
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Acetic |
VFA -milk fat synthesis & Energy More forage produces more Acetic Acid |
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Propionic |
VFA -Glucose production (lactoso) & Energy More grain produces more Propionic Acid |
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Butyric |
VFA -Primarily Energy (some milk fat synthesis) |
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Fatty Acid |
A chain of hydrocarbons inding in a COOH group No C=C bonds General Formula: R-COOH *Most lipids in feed are not fre FA! (usually found as glycerides) |
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medium chain FA |
7-12C |
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Linoleic |
C18:2 |
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Linolenic |
C18:3 |
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Long Chain FA |
>12C |
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EE |
Ether Extract (Crude Fiber) Calc: %EE-1%= %FA 3.5%EE-1%= 2.5% FA |
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Triglycerides |
Energy Storage Found in: Ceral Grains, oilseed, & animal fats most are unsaturated FA |
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Glycolipids |
lipids with CHO 1 FA on triglycerides is replaced by 1-2 sugars (typically galactose) primarily in forages Almost completely degraded in the rumen |
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Phospholipid |
One of the FA in TG is replaced by a phosphate group found to a complex structure (such as choline or inositol) |
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Iodine # |
denotes the degree of unsaturation of fat or fatty acid -C=C in unsaturated fat bonds with Iodine, two atoms of iodine per double bond. -the I# is the amount of iodine (grams) taken up by 100 grams of fat |
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Saponinifaction # |
A measure of the avg. chain length of the 3 fatty acids in a fat, the number of mg of alkali required for the hydrolysis of 1 gram fat. the shorter the fatty acid chains the greater mg of alkali required |
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Reicher-Meissl (RM) # |
measures the amount of H2O soluble, steam VFA's (short chain) present in a fat |
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Melting Point (MP) |
the temp at chich a fat changes from solid to liquid As chain lenth increases MP increases As C=C# increases MP decreases |
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Feeding Lipids Benefits |
-Increases energy density of diet -Reduces Dustiness of feed -Prodcues less heat |
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Feeding Lipids Benefits part2 |
-Source of essitinal FA -Source/precursor to cholesterol, steriod hormons, vitims D3 & phospholipids -Carrier for fat soluble vitamins |
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Feeding Lipids Disadvantages |
Depress feed intake make unpalatable lowers milk protein % may lower milk fat % if fiber digestability is decreases |
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Feeding Lipids Disadvantages part 2 |
not an energy source for rumen bacteria generally toxic to rumen bacteria (especially unsaturated fats) generally more expensive than corn |
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Disadvantages; Swine |
decrease meat quality and carcass leanness |
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Disadvantages; Equine |
excess weight gain unless highly active |
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Dairy cattle Feeding Lvl |
7% of diet Dry Matter (max. lvl included) 1lb fat/cow/d for added source (cows eat 80-100lbs a day) |
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Swine Feeding Lvl |
Max 6% added fat depending on handling characteristics (fed to grow finish, late gestation sows, and lactating sows |
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Equine Feeding Lvl |
!only add to high work horses! Soy oil upper limit= .7g/kg BW/Day |
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Fat Digestion in Rumen |
Step 1: Hydrolysis Step 2: Biohydrogenation |
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Hydrolysis |
seperation of glycerol backbone from fatty acids |
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Biohydrogenation |
process in which rumen microbes add hydrogen to unsaturated FA (Microbes can dispose of H protons and turn FA into less toxic staturated FA) |
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Incomplete Biohydrogenation |
Nearly all plant unsaturated fatty acids are Cis configured The intial set is to conver cis to trans |
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Trans Fats |
cause: - Elevated plasma cholesterol - Increased risk of heart disease |
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Conjugated Linoleic Acids (CLAs) |
Cis 9, Trans 11 CLA most commonly linked to health problems |
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Lipid Digestion in SI |
most fat enters the SI as NEFA |
