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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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in what do fats dissolve?
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nonpolar solvents
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how many kilocalories can be found in one gram of fat?
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9.0 food calories/g
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micromolecule of lipid?
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none
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5 tongue sensors=
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bitter, sweet, salty, sour, umami
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fat in greek=
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lipo
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fake fat=
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olestra
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babies that have a lot of taste buds everywhere in mouth=
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super tasters
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what happens to taste buds as one ages?
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lose taste buds as you age
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what are roles of lipids?
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-energy storage
-structural elements -hormones -shock absorbers -heat/insulation -emulsifying agents |
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what is the composition of a phospholipid?
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2 fatty acids, phosphate, glycerol
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everything starts from what 2 molecules?
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CO2, H2O
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lipids have a nonpolar fatty acid tail, which is usually _______ carbons long with a _______ head
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14-22 carbons long, COOH (carboxylic acid) head
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how are fatty acids added to a molecule?
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2 at a time via metabolic cycle
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bunch of fatty acids in water=
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micelle
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what happens if you put a cell in oil?
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the cell flips inside out and dies
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small drops of a nonpolar substance dissolved in a polar substance=
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emulsion
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animal, saturated, fat with 18 carbons, solid at room temp=
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stearic (cow)
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saturated fat C14, solid at room temp=
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palmitic acid
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monounsaturated C18 fat from olive oil, liquid at room temp.=
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oleic acid
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polyunsaturated C18 fat with 2 double bonds=
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linoleic acid
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butyric acid, C4, with rancid odor=
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butter fat
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an unsaturated fat that is solid at room temp=
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coconut oil
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what do you do to a liquid (w/ C=C bonds) to make it solid at room temp?
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hydrogenate it
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what do trans fats do?
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raise LDL and lower HDL cholesterol, leads to arthrosclerosis
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what is arthrosclerosis?
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"plaque" build up in arteries, blocks them
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what is LDL?
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main source of cholesterol build up and blockage in arteries (increased with trans fats)
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what is HDL?
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carries cholesterol from blood back to liver, makes it less likely that excess cholesterol in the blood will be deposited in the coronary arteries
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where were prostaglandins originally found?
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prostate gland in males (located around urethra)
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what happens if prostate gland grows too big?
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strangles urethra and barely anything comes out
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where are prostaglandins now found>?
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made in almost every cell similar to hormone, affect the surrounding areas, but short lived (women have them in higher concentration everywhere)
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prostaglandin features
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-20 carbon carboxylic acid
-5 membered ring -polyunsaturated -oxygen |
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physiological effects of prostaglandins include:
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inflammation, pain, fever, aid platelets in blood clotting, contraction of uterus during labor, altering blood pressure
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What do doctors reccomend if injured?
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R-est
I-ce C-ompression E-levate (and M-edicine) |
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how are prostaglandins grouped?
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based on shape, subdivided based on # of multiple bonds
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precursor for prostaglandins=
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arachidonic acid
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what are 3 examples of anti-prostaglandins(NSAIDs)?
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Asprin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen Na
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NSAID=
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non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
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#1 drug abused=
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Tylenol (acetaminophen) leads to liver damage
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anti-prostagrandin for minor aches, leads to slight stomach upset b/c acidic
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aspirin
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aspirin can lead to:
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-bleeding ulcers
-Reyes syndrome |
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what is Reyes syndrome?
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combination of symptoms-paralysis in joints and comas
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for headaches (steroidal drug) can lead to liver damage and #1 cause of death from pharmaceuticals
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acetaminophen
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2.5 more pain relief than aspirin-reduce fever/muscle ache but leads to upset stomach
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ibuprofen
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3 times more pain relief than asprirn for joint pain-has a heart risk (ex: aleve)
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Naproxen Na
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functions of triacylglycerol (triglycerides)
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-food reserves
-thermal insulation -shock absorber |
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what is glycerol?
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1, 2, 3-propanetriol (3 carbon chain which has 3 hydroxyl groups=super alcohol)
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anatomy of a triglycerol
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-glycerol molecule
-fatty acid tails joined to glycerol by condensation rxn |
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where are triglycerides found?
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in adipocytes (fat cells)
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what is cox enzyme?
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cyclooxygenase-aspirin affects this
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what does COX enzyme lead to?
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heart problems, blood moves slower, clot problems b/c platelets become sticky and arteries are sealed=heart attack
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what type of fatty acid is best?
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unsaturated fatty acids are better for you, and it is best if double bond is between C3-C4
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special polyunsaturated fatty acids that protect tissue from oxygen damage
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omega-3 fatty acids
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where are omega 3 fatty acids found?
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fish oil, canola (rape seed) oil, walnut oil, flax seed (makes linen) oil
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high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in this molecule in breast milk
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DHA
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what is wrong with consuming omega 3 fatty acids through fish oil tablets?
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the tablets are made from the biggest fish (save energy) which have lived longest and have accumulateed toxins
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how are waxes produced?
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by condensatin of fatty acid reacted with alcohol
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waxes are _________
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hydrophobic
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name some functions of waxes
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-waterproofing (cutin on leaves)
-ear wax (protect from bugs) -keep skin supple |
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fake fat=
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olestra
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how is olestra like a wax?
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olestra and wax are both indigestable, they go straight through you, only olestra is a liquid at room temp.
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what is olestra composed of?
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tangled mass of hydrocarbon tails (even # of C), and 6/7/8 fatty acid chains of sucrose
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what type of double bonds are naturally occurring?
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cis
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hydrolyzed=
saponified= hydrogenated= |
-add water
-add NaOH to triglyceride, splitting fatty acid -saturate |
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what do partially hydrogenated fats have?
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trans fats=LDL build up=hardening of arteries=arthrosclerosis
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fat and alcohol combined=
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fatty acid
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what fatty acid is high in blood if you eat animal fats?
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stearic acid
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what are purposes for phospholipids?
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structural..NOT nutritional
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how much % of all cell membranes is made of phospholipids?
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95%
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never used as a food reserve
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phospholipids
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emulsifying agent for triacylglycerols
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lecithin
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name some food products that contain lecithin
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egg yolks/mayonnaise
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how would you combine a polar with a nonpolar solvent?
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add soap
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what are similar to prostaglandins? only missing the 5 carbon ring?
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leukotrienes
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what happens when leukotrienes are dumped into blood?
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causes more issues-super prostaglandin effects like severe allergic rxns, inflammation, anaphylactic shock
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with what do you treat overload of leukotrienes?
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adrenaline epinephryn
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excreted by one organism yet affects another organism
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pheromone
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give examples where pheromones are put to use
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japanese beetle traps, ant trails to food, deer hunting aids
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pheromones are found in all mammals we have looked except
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humans, hard to examine
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woman to woman pheromones
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dorm studies women have periods at same time, pregnant at same time, infants at same time=better survival rate
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the female that excretes the pheromone that all other females conform to=
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alpha female
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what other pheromone relationships have been discovered?
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husband/wife (t-shirts), mother/baby(clothing), male/male(aggressiveness)
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what erases ant pheromones?
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alcohol
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the enzym that works on triglycerides
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lipase
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a small molecule produced at one site in the body but has an effect at a distant location
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hormone
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examples of hormones
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testosterone, estrogen, adrenaline
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at what concentration are hormones effective?
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1 billionth of a gram
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name a protein hormone
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oxytocin
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what is the difference between estrogen and testosterone
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estrogen has an OH instead of a double bonded oxygen (testosterone)
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steroid that effects male baldness
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rogaine
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how are steroids different than other lipids?
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dont contain fatty acids
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why are steroids called lipids?
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contain extremely hydrophobic sterol nucleus (4 carbon ring)
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give examples of steroids
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estrogen, cholesterol, testosterone, hydrocortisone
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what are 5 functions for steroids?
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1)development, sex characteristics
2)help carry fatty acids 3)anti-inflammatory 4)protein synthesis 5)some fat soluble |
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what is the difference between anabolic and catabolic?
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anabolic=build up
catabolic=break down |
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how can a steroid be recognized?
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end in "one"
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name some steroids that serve the function of development and sex characteristics
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estrodiol, progesterone, testosterone, androsterone
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what are the primary and secondary stages of steroids involved in development
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primary=in utero
secondary= show up at puberty |
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give an example of a steroid that helps carry fatty acids
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(in blood like) cholesterol
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name some anti-inflammatory steroids
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hydrocortisone, hydroxycortisone
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what type of steroids function in protein synthesis?
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anabolic steroids
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what are some fat soluble steroids?
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Vitamin A, D, E
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most abundant animal steroid?
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cholesterol
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how many grams of cholesterol per 130 lbs?
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175 grams/130 lbs
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where (and how much) is cholesterol made? how is cholesterol obtained?
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made in liver (800mg/day) obtained through diet--reserve cholesterol more than estrogen
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functions of cholesterol
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1)keep cell membrane more fluid
2)precursor of bile salts 3)precursor of sex hormones 4)transport of fatty acids through blood 5)prevent dehydration through skin |
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what are bile salts?
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ionic cmpds precipitate to form gallstones
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another word for high cholesterol
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hypercholesterolemia
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by how much can modifying diet change cholesterol level?
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modifying your diet can only change cholesterol level 15 mg
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used to treat high cholesterol
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lipitor
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used to lower plasma cholesterol level
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statins
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what are the fat soluble vitamins?
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A, E, D, K
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how is vitamin D formed?
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from precursor in skin by ultraviolet rays
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vitamin D regulates _______
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Calcium deposition
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deficiency in vitamin D=
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rickets
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what is rickets?
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bones dont grow right, they curve.
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vitamin D hangs under skin, then what converts it to active form?
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sunlight
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two types of ultraviolet rays?
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UVA, UVB
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what is UVA and UVB?
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UVA: DNA damage, too much leads to skin cancer
UVB: converts Vitamin D precursor to active form |
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Which type of U.V. has longer waves?
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UVB
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standard cancer cells from Helen Lack
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helacells (live forever, even after Helen has died)
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what are functions of the active form of Vitamin D?
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calcium regulation and regulation of uncontrolled cell growth (cancer cells live forever)
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how does sitting inside affect the ultraviolet rays you receive?
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outside: UVA/UVB=100%
inside: UVA=25% UVB=10% |
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where do you get:
-vitamin A/E -vitamin D -vitamin K ? |
A/E=diet
D=sunlight K=bacteria |
