Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
XFree86 is
|
dominant X server in Linux until 2004 was XFree86
|
|
|
X.org-X11def
|
In 2004, most Linux distributions shifted from XFree86 to X.org-X11 mainly due to licensing changes
X.org-X11 6.7.0 was based on XFree86 4.3.99 Current versions are independent Differences: config file name default location for fonts |
|
|
Accelerated-X def
|
commercial Accelerated-X server from Xi Graphics is an alternative to the open-source XFree86 and X.org-X11
|
|
|
cmd XFree86 -configure
(for XFree86) cmd Xorg -configure (for X.org-X11) |
the X server itself includes the capacity to query hardware and produce config file. Use the proper cmd when X serve is not running
The result should be a file called /root/XF86Config.new (for XFree86) or /root/xorg.conf.new (fox X.org-X11) |
|
|
file /root/XF86Config.new
|
result of running XFree86 -configure while X server is not running
|
|
|
/root/xorg.conf.new (fox X.org-X11)
|
result of running Xorg -configure while X server is not running
|
|
|
Cmd to run the display setting tool in Red Hat/Fedora
|
system-config-display
|
|
|
xf86cfg or xorgcfg
|
This utility works only on XFree86 4.x or X.org-X11
depreciated |
|
|
configuration tools for XFree86 3.3.6 and before (list)
|
xf86config,
Xconfigurator XF86Setup |
|
|
X.org-X11 serve configuration files and path
|
xorg.conf in
/etc/x11 or /etc |
|
|
XFree86 4.x server config file and path
|
XF86Config-4 or XF86Config
/etc/X11 or /etc |
|
|
XFree86 3.3.6 server config file and path
|
server config file and path
/etc/X11 or /etc |
|
|
X server config file structure
|
all X servers use config files that are broken down into multi line section.
Sections begin with the keyword Section + name of the section in quotes Sections end with the key word EndSection: Section “InputDevice” Identifier “Keyboard0” Driver “kbd” Option “XkbModel” “pc105” Option “XkbLayout” “us” Option “AutoRepeat” “500 200” EndSection |
|
|
Option keyword in X server config files
|
Options isnt used in Xfree86 3.3.6 and earlier
instead the option name appears without quotes as first word on the line Instead of Option "XkbModel" "pc105" XkbModel pc105 |
|
|
XFree86 and earlier
ServerLayout Identifier/Driver line |
ServerLayout
dont use section Identifier/Driver line dont use this line which is common for later version of XFree86 4.x and X.org-X11 |
|
|
How to get Red Hat/Fedora distro to boot into a mode in which X is not started automatically
|
telinit 3
|
|
|
How to get Debian, Ubuntu and Gentoo distro to stop using X
|
Since this distro's dont use runlevels as signal for whetever to start X or not you need to shutdown the GUI login server by typing
/etc/init.d/xdm stop (gdm or kdm variations based on config) |
|
|
You can then type ______ to start the X server again
|
startx
|
|
|
kill the X server using ps/grep/kill
|
# ps ax | grep X
1375 ? S 6:32 /etc/X11/X -auth /etc/X11/xdm/authdir/ # kill 1375 |
|
|
X server config files - Module (def)
|
The Module section controls the loading of X serve modules (drivers for specific features/hardware)
|
|
|
X server config files - Module (sample)
|
Section “Module”
Load “dbe” Load “extmod” Load “fbdevhw” Load “glx” Load “record” Load “freetype” Load “type1” Load “dri” EndSection "dbe" name of module |
|
|
Module freetype and type1 in X server config files
|
freetype and type1 handle TrueType and Adobe Type 1 font rendering, respectively
|
|
|
X server config files - setting up keyboard in what section
|
via an InputDevice section
Section “InputDevice” Identifier “Keyboard0” Driver “kbd” Option “XkbModel” “pc105” Option “XkbLayout” “us” Option “AutoRepeat” “500 200” EndSection Identifier is a label that is used by other sections Driver - tells X what driver to use kbd or keyboard Option - sets various options AutoRepeat option - option tells X when to begin repeating characters when you hold down a key and how often to repeat them. |
|
|
X server config files - setting up mouse
|
Section “InputDevice”
Identifier “Mouse0” Driver “mouse” Option “Protocol” “IMPS/2” Option “Device” “/dev/input/mice” Option “Emulate3Buttons” “no” Option “ZAxisMapping” “4 5” EndSection Device line tells X what Linux device file to read to access the mouse Protocol option X what signals to expect from the mouse for various movements and button presses |
|
|
/dev/mouse is
/dev/psaux /dev/usb/usbmouse /dev/ttyS0 and /dev/ttyS1 |
/dev/mouse - a pointer to the real mouse device, whatever its name
/dev/psaux - for the PS/2 mouse port /dev/usb/usbmouse - old identifier for USB mouse /dev/ttyS0 and /dev/ttyS1 |
|
|
X server config files - setting monitor
|
Section “Monitor”
Identifier “Monitor0” ModelName “VisionMaster Pro 450” HorizSync 27.0-115.0 VertRefresh 50.0-160.0 # My custom 1360x1024 mode Modeline “1360x1024” 197.8 \ 1360 1370 1480 1752 \ 1024 1031 1046 1072 -HSync -VSync EndSection ModelName option can be anything you like HorizSync and VertRefresh lines, define the range of horizontal and vertical refresh rates Modeline option - to select a resolution, X looks through a series of mode lines |
|
|
DDC (Def and abbr)
|
DDC - Data Display Channel
XFree86 4.x and X.org-X11 support this protocol that enables monitors to communicate their maximum horizontal and vertical refresh rates |
|
|
Choosing the Server or Driver
|
XFree86 4.x and X.org-X11 use driver modules that are stored in separate files from the main X server executable. The server can’t determine what module is required automatically.
you must give it that information in the XF86Config or xorg.conf file. |
|
|
In what directory the drives used by XFree86 4.x and X.org-X11 reside
|
/usr/X11R6/lib/modules/ drivers/ directory
Most of the drivers’ filenames end in _drv. For instance, nv_drv.o corresponds to the nv driver Driver “nv” |
|
|
X server config files - Setting Card-Specific Optionss
|
Section “Device”
Identifier “Videocard0” Driver “nv” VendorName “nVidia” BoardName “GeForce 6100” VideoRam 131072 EndSection Identifier line provides a name that’s used in the subsequent Screen section VendorName and BoardName lines provide information that’s useful mainly to people reading the file VideoRam line is unnecessary with most boards because the driver can detect |
|
|
X server config files - Setting the Resolution and Color Depth
|
Section “Screen”
Identifier “Screen0” Device “Videocard0” Monitor “Monitor0” DefaultDepth 24 SubSection “Display” Depth 24 Modes “1024x768” “1024x600” “800x600” “640x480” EndSubSection SubSection “Display” Depth 8 Modes “1024x768” “800x600” “640x480” EndSubSection EndSection Screen section tells X about the combination of monitors and video cards you’re using Device and Monitor lines refer to the Identifier lines in your Device and Monitor sections Display subsections, which define the video modes that X may use DefaultDepth line - To choose between the Display subsections |
|
|
The total amount of RAM required is determined by an equation:
|
R = xres × yres × bpp ÷ 8,388,608
R = 1280 × 1024 × 24 ÷ 8,388,608 = 3.75MB |
|
|
X server config files - ServerLayout section
|
not present in the XFree86 3.3.6
This section links together all the other components of the X configuration Section “ServerLayout” Identifier “single head configuration” Screen “Screen0” 0 0 InputDevice “Mouse0” “CorePointer” InputDevice “Keyboard0” “CoreKeyboard” EndSection |
|
|
xdpyinfo cmd
|
information about the current display, such as the X version number, the resolution and color depth of all the current displays, and so on
|
|
|
-ext extension option to xpdyinfo.
|
extension is the name of an X extension, which is a software module that provides extended capabilities to X.
|
|
|
xwininfo cmd
|
move the mouse cursor over a window, and click. The result is a list of assorted data about the window you clicked, such as its size, location, and ID number.
|
|
|
-id id or -name name option for xwininfo
|
specify the window by ID number or name; or you can use -root to specify the root window—that is, the entire display
|
|
|
Bitmap fonts
|
simplest font format
individual pixel in an array are either active/inactive easy to display optimize for particular resolution and font size if you increase the DPI or font size you need a new bitmap which potentially leads to ugly results and hhuge phont files |
|
|
Outline fonts (scalable fonts)
|
represent each char as series of lines and curves in high-resolution matrix
PC scales the representation enabling a single file to handle every possible use of the font |
|
|
Two main font format
|
Adobe's PostScript Type 1
Apple's TrueType XFree86 3.3.6 and earlier supported Type 1 fonts XFree86 4.x adn X.org-X11 siport both |
|
|
X core fonts (def)
|
those that are handled directly by X. To configure these fonts, you must do two things: prepare a font directory that holds the fonts, and add the font directory to X’s font path
|
|
|
XFree86 has traditionally stored its fonts in subdirectories of
|
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/
|
|
|
X.org-X11 has traditionally stored its fonts in subdirectories of
|
/usr/share/fonts or /usr/share/X11/fonts
|
|
|
When you’re installing Type 1 fonts, Linux needs the font files with names that end in
|
.pfa or .pfb; these files contain the actual font data. (The .pfa and .pfb files store the data in slightly different formats, but the two file types are equivalent.)
|
|
|
TrueType fonts come as
|
.ttf files, and that’s all you need for Linux.
|
|
|
Once you’ve copied fonts to a directory, you must prepare a summary file that describes
the fonts. This file is called |
fonts.dir
begins with a line that specifies the number of fonts that are described. Subsequent lines provide a font filename and an X logical font description (XLFD) courb.pfa -ibm-Courier-bold-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-iso8859-1 |
|
|
XLFD (abbr)
|
x logical font description
|
|
|
program to create the font file fonts.dir
|
# mkfontscale - program reads all the fonts in the current directory and creates a fonts.scale file, which is just like a fonts.dir file but describes only outline fonts.
# mkfontdir - program combines the fonts.scale file with the fonts.dir file, creating it if it doesn’t already exist. |
|
|
ttmkfdir cmd
type1inst cmd |
ttmkfdir - creates a fonts.dir file that describes TrueType fonts
type1inst - creates a fonts.dir file that describes Type 1 fonts. |
|
|
Adding Fonts to X’s Font Path
|
Once you’ve set up fonts in a directory and created a fonts.dir file describing them, you
must add the fonts to the X font path. You do this by editing the Files section of the XF86Config or xorg.conf file: Section “Files” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/100dpi:unscaled” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/Type1” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/truetype” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/URW” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/Speedo” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/100dpi” EndSection |
|
|
Section “Files”
FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/100dpi:unscaled” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/Type1” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/truetype” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/URW” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/Speedo” FontPath “/usr/share/fonts/100dpi” EndSection What :unscaled does? |
:unscaled string in the first entry in the preceding example tells X to
use bitmap fonts from this directory only if they exactly match the requested font size. |
|
|
1)Cmd to add /your/font/directory to the end of the font path
2)Cmd that forces X to re-examine all the font directories to rebuild the list of available fonts |
1)$ xset fp+ /your/font/directory
(Substitute +fp for fp+ to add the directory to the start of the existing font path.) 2)$ xset fp rehash |
|
|
Font Server (def)
|
Prior to the release of XFree86 4.0, several Linux distributions began using TrueType-enabled font servers to provide TrueType font support. Some systems continue to use font servers, but most have now abandoned this practice.
|
|
|
How to set up a font server?
|
to use a font server, X must list that server in its font path:
Section “Files” FontPath “unix:/7100” FontPath “tcp/fount.pangaea.edu:7100” EndSection first line in this example specifies a local font server second line specifies that the font server on the remote system fount.pangaea.edu is to be used |
|
|
To add fonts to a font server
|
1)you should first install the fonts on the system
2)modify the font server’s configuration file, /etc/X11/fs/config 3)restart the font server the font server’s configuration lists the font path using the catalogue keyword as a comma-delimited list: catalogue = /usr/share/fonts/100dpi:unscaled, /usr/share/fonts/Type1, /usr/share/fonts/truetype, /usr/share/fonts/URW, /usr/share/fonts/Speedo, /usr/share/fonts/100dpi |
|
|
Cmd to restart font server?
|
# /etc/init.d/xfs restart
|
|
|
Xft font system (def)
|
based in part on the FreeType library, an open-source library for rendering TrueType and Type 1 fonts.
Xft is a client based system, app access font file on the computer on which they are running Supports font smooting |
|
|
X core fonts and Xft fonts are two system for fonts on Linux you can config the two systems to share the same font directories How?
|
Load the /etc/fonts/local.conf file into a text editor.
Look for any lines in this file that take the following form: <dir>/font/directory</dir> If such lines are present, duplicate one of them and change the duplicate to point to your new font directory. directory. If such lines don’t exist, create one just before the </fontconfig> line. |
|
|
command causes Xft to run through its font directories and create index files
|
fc-cache
|
|
|
XDMCP
|
XDMCP - X Display Manager Control
Protocol XDMCP server runs on a computer and listens for connections from remote computers’ X servers. To handle local logins, an XDMCP server runs on a computer and starts the local computer’s X server. |
|
|
Three XDMCP servers are common on Linux
|
X Display Manager (XDM)
KDE Display Manager (KDM) GNOME Display Manager (GDM) |
|
|
Several methods exist to start an XDMCP server. The two most common
|
1)launch it from init via an entry in /etc/inittab
2)launch it as part of a runlelve's startup script set |
|
|
changing from runlevel 3 to runlevel 5 starts X and the XDMCP server on many distributions, and switching back to runlevel 3 stops X and the XDMCP server. What cmd to use?
|
# telinit 5
|
|
|
Permanently changing the runlevel requires editing the
|
/etc/inittab file
particular, its id line: id:5:initdefault: |
|
|
Most distributions set a default XDMCP server in one way or another. Two common methods exist:
|
Selection via configuration file
Selection via SysV script |
|
|
Selection via configuration file option for setting default XDMCP
|
often hidden in /etc/sysconfig
in Fedora /etc/sysconfig/desktop file sets the DISPLAYMANAGE variable to XDM/KDM/GDM in openSuse /etc/sysconfig/displaymanager sets the DISPLAYMANAGER the same way but using lower case variable |
|
|
Selection via SysV script option for setting default XDMCP
|
In Debian and derivative distributions, such as Ubuntu, the display manager is set via choice of SysV startup script—use the gdm script to use GDM, kdm to use KDM, and so on
|
|
|
Configuring XDM
|
XDM is the simplest of the major XDMCP servers.
XDM’s main configuration file is /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config |
|
|
This line tells XDM to not access a conventional server port. To activate XDM as a remote login server, you should change 0 to 177, the traditional XDMCP port. You must then restart XDM. What line?
|
DisplayManager.requestPort: 0
|
|
|
/etc/X11/xdm/Xaccess file
|
important XDM configuration file
If XDM is configured to permit remote access, this file controls who may access the XDM server, and in what ways. A wide-open system contains lines that use an asterisk (*) to denote that anybody may access the system: * * CHOOSER BROADCAST first line tells XDM that anybody may connect econd line tells XDM that anybody may request a chooser - a display of local systems that accept XDMCP connections |
|
|
/etc/X11/xdm/Xaccess file how to limit the choices of who can access
|
you should list individual computers or groups of computers instead of using the asterisk wildcard:
*.pangaea.edu tux.example.com *.pangaea.edu CHOOSER BROADCAST This example lets any computer in the pangaea.edu domain connect or receive a chooser, and it also lets tux.example.com connect but not receive a chooser. |
|
|
the /etc/X11/xdm/Xresources file
|
hosts X resources, which are similar to
environment variables but apply only to X-based programs |
|
|
Configuring KDM
|
KDM is based partly on XDM and so shares many of its configuration options. KDM config files are not standard could be
XDM configuration files /etc/X11/kdm or /etc/kde/kdm /usr/share/kde4/config/kdm/kdmrc |
|
|
Configuring GDM
|
GDM is more of a break from XDM than is KDM. GDM doesn’t use the conventional XDM configuration files or similar files nstead, it uses configuration files that are usually stored in
/etc/X11/gdm |
|
|
gdm.conf (file)
|
the most important config file for GDM
|
|
|
gdmconfig (cmd)
|
A GUI control tool for GDM exists on some systems but is missing from
others. Type gdmconfig as root to launch this program, which enables you to set GDM options using a point-and-click interface |
|
|
Command tells apollo to accept for display
in its X server data that originates on zeus apollo - pc we sit on zeus - server we want to connect |
xhost +zeus in apollo’s terminal
|
|
|
What needs to be set on zeus in order for zeus to export X programs to apollo
apollo - pc we sit on zeus - server we want to connect |
On zeus, type export DISPLAY=apollo:0.0 if bash
setenv DISPLAY apollo:0.0 if tsch |
|
|
What cmd you need to run on appolo to prevent users from zeus to modify your display on apollo after a rdp session is completed?
apollo - pc we sit on zeus - server we want to connect |
xhost -zeus
on Apollo |
|
|
Linux needs to know your time zone. Linux looks to what file?
|
/etc/localtime file for information about its local time zone
this file in not a plain-text file DONT EDIT WITH TEXT EDITOR |
|
|
If /etc/localtime is a symbolic link how to see its content
|
by performing a long file listing to see the name of the file to which localtime links
$ ls -l /etc/localtime lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 May 14 2008 /etc/localtime -> ➦ /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York |
|
|
If /etc/localtime is a regular file and not a symbolic link how to see its local time setting
|
try using the date command by itself:
$ date Mon Sep 1 12:50:58 EDT 2008 |
|
|
/usr/share/zoneinfo directory
|
This directory contains files for certain time zones named after the zones or the regions to which they apply, such as GMT, Poland, and Japan
|
|
|
some distributions use a secondary file with text-mode time zone data
Debian? Fedora? |
Debian - /etc/timezone
Fedora - /etc/sysconfig/clock |
|
|
What Is a Locale?
|
a locale is a way of specifying the computer’s (or user’s) language, country, and related information for purposes of customizing displays. A single locale takes the following form:
[language[_territory][.codeset][@modifier]] |
|
|
What Is Your Locale?
|
locale code can be assigned to one or more of several environment variables. To learn
how these are set on your system, issue the locale command without any arguments: $ locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LC_CTYPE=”en_US.UTF-8” LC_NUMERIC=”en_US.UTF-8” LC_TIME=”en_US.UTF-8” LC_COLLATE=”en_US.UTF-8” ... |
|
|
locale -a cmd
|
While you’re using the locale command, you should try it with the -a option, which
identifies all the locales that are available to you: $ locale -a C en_US.utf8 POSIX |
|
|
To permanently change your locale, you can adjust your bash startup script files, such as
|
~/.bashrc or /etc/profile
|
|
|
LANG=C
|
When you set LANG to C, programs that see this environment variable display output without passing it through locale translations. This can be helpful in some cases if a program’s output is being corrupted by the locale—say by having conversions to UTF-8 change characters that need to be preserved as 8-bit entities.
|
|
|
Modifying Text-File Locales
|
iconv utility converts between character sets
iconv -f encoding [-t encoding] [inputfile]... -f and -t options specify the source and destination encodings |
|
|
iconv --list cmd
|
list of encoding types for iconv
|
|
|
CUPS
LPD PCL PPD |
CUPS - Common Unix Printing System
LPD - Line Printer Daemon PCL - Printer Control Language PPD - PostScript Printer Definition |
|
|
Explain printing sequence in Linux
|
1)Applications submit print jobs as PostScript documents.
2)Ghostscritp converts the print job into a form that the system's printer can handle 3)CUPS manages the print queue |
|
|
Users submit print jobs by using a program called
|
lpr
lpr sends the print job into a specified queue queue corresponds to a directory on the hard disk, typically in a subdirectory of the /var/spool/cups directory |
|
|
To what directory the print queue corresponds
|
/var/spool/cups
|
|
|
Older alternatives of CUPS (list)
|
LPD
LPRng |
|
|
Ghostscript (def)
|
serves as a way to translate PostScript into forms that can be understood by many different printers.
In Linux, the printer driver is part of Ghostscript A PostScript Translator One of Ghostscript’s drawbacks is that it produces large output files. |
|
|
problem with PostScript as a standard
|
it’s uncommon on the low- and midpriced
printers with which Linux is often paired. To print to such printers using traditional Unix programs that generate PostScript output, you need a translator and a way to fit that translator into the print queue. This is where Ghostscript fits |
|
|
smart filter (def)
|
a program that’s called as part of the printing process
smart filter examines the file that’s being printed, determines its type, and passes the file through one or more additional programs before the printing software sends it on to the printer The smart filter can be configured to call Ghostscript with whatever parameters are appropriate to produce output for the queue’s printer |
|
|
Because Linux printing systems run as daemons, they must be
|
must be started before they’re useful
|
|
|
How to start Linux printing system daemons?
|
This task is normally handled automatically via startup scripts in /etc/rc.d, /etc/init.d,
or /etc/rc?.d (where ? is a runlevel number). |
|
|
If you’re unsure if a printing system is currently active, use the ps utility to search
for running processes by these names, as in |
$ ps ax | grep cups
1896 ? Ss 0:01 cupsd |
|
|
CUPS uses various configuration files in what dir?
|
/etc/cups and its subs
|
|
|
How can you add or delete printers?
|
By editing /etc/cups/printers.confg
each definition begins with the name <DefaultPrinter printername> - for def. printer <Printer printername> - for other printers </Printer> - end of printer definition |
|
|
IPP (abbr + def)
|
IPP - Internet Printing Protocol
used by CUPS supports a feature called browsing, which enables PC on a network to auto exchange printer lists |
|
|
main CUPS configuration file
|
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf
|
|
|
If you’re configuring a workstation with a local printer that you don’t want to share, or if you want to configure a workstation to use printers shared via LPD or some other non-IPP printing protocol what should you do?
|
you shouldn’t need to adjust /etc/cups/cupsd.conf.
|
|
|
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf file contains a number of config blocks that specify which other systems should be able to access it. These blocks look like this
|
<Location /printers>
Order Deny,Allow Deny from All BrowseAllow from 127.0.0.1 BrowseAllow from 192.168.1.0/24 BrowseAllow from @LOCAL Allow from 127.0.0.1 Allow from 192.168.1.0/24 Allow from @LOCAL </Location> |
|
|
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf Directive order
|
Directive order
The Order Deny,Allow line tells CUPS in which order it should apply allow and deny directives—in this case, allow directives modify deny directives |
|
|
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf Default policy
|
Default policy
Deny from All line tells the system to refuse all connections except those that are explicitly permitted |
|
|
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf Browsing control lines
|
Browsing control lines
The BrowseAllow lines tell CUPS from which other systems it should accept browsing requests. |
|
|
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf Access control lines
|
Allow lines give the specified systems non-browse access to printers—that is, those systems can print to local printers. In most cases, the Allow lines are the same as the BrowseAllow lines.
|
|
|
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf Enabling browsing option - Browsing directive
|
Enabling browsing option
The Browsing directive accepts On and Off values. The CUPS default is to enable browsing (Browsing On), but some Linux distributions disable it by default |
|
|
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf Browsing access control - BrowseAddress directive
|
BrowseAddress directive specifies the broadcast address to which browsing information should be sent. For instance, to broadcast data on your printers to the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet, you’d specify BrowseAddress 192.168.1.255
|
|
|
Using the Web-Based CUPS Utilities
|
you can access a CUPS daemon by using a Web browser. You need only specify that you want to access the server on port 631
enter http://localhost:631 in a Web browser |
|
|
SMB/CIFS
|
Server Message Block/
Common Internet File System used for for file and printer sharing among Windows systems Linux’s Samba server also implements this protocol and so can be used for sharing printers from Linux. |
|
|
How to print to SMB/CIF printer queue from a Linux system?
|
Under CUPS
select Windows printer via SAMBA provide your username, password, server name, and share name in the following format smb://username:password@SERVER/SHARE |
|
|
you want to print to a Unix or Linux server that uses the old LPD protocol, the URI
format is? |
lpd://hostname/queue
You can use the same format, but substitute ipp:// for lpd://, to print to a CUPS server if browsing is disabled on your network. |
|
|
lpr options
Specify a queue name Delete the original file Suppress the banner |
Specify a queue name
-Pqueuename option enables you to specify a print queue. Delete the original file -r option Normally, lpr sends a copy of the file you print into the queue, leaving the original unharmed. Suppress the banner -h option suppresses the banner for a single print job. |
|
|
lpr options
Specify a job name Notify a user by e‑mail Specify the number of copies |
Specify a job name
-J jobname option -C/-T are synonymous Print jobs have names to help identify them, both while they’re in the queue and once they’re printed Notify a user by e‑mail -m username option causes lpd to send e‑mail to username when the print job is complete. Specify the number of copies -# number option |
|
|
mpage cmd
|
reads plain-text or PostScript files and reformats them so that each printed sheet contains several reduced-size pages from the original document
mpage -Plexmark report.ps This command prints the report.ps file reduced to fit four pages per sheet |
|
|
lpq cmd
|
lpq utility displays information about the print queue
$ lpq -Php4000 hp4000 is ready and printing Rank Owner Job File(s) Total Size active rodsmit 1630 file:/// 90112 bytes |
|
|
lprm cmd
|
lprm command removes one or more jobs from the print queue
|
