Lingusitic 122 Midterm

Front 1

First Language

Back 1

is the language a human being learns from birth. A person first language is a basis for sociolinguistic identity.

Example: The language I learned from birth is English.

Front 2

Official Language

Back 2

is a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other territory.

Example: The Philippines official language is Filipino, and English according to the Philippine Constitution.

Front 3

Second language

Back 3

is any language learned after the first language or mother tongue.

Example: A child’s learning English at home, but learning Japanese at school.

Front 4

Foreign language

Back 4

A language that is learned in a formal setting for the purpose of fulfilling a requirement or for some potential future use.

Example: The language I learned from college is Spanish, which fills a requirement in order for me to graduate.

Front 5

Lingua franca

Back 5

A language used forcommunication between different groups, each speaking a different language.

Example: Two people from two different countries communicating in English which is distinct from their native language.

Front 6

Foreigner Talk

Back 6

simplified kind of language used by many native speakers with foreigners who cannot speak their language.

Example: Me help you, Yes?

Front 7

Academic Register

Back 7

is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.

For example, an English speaker may use ain't in a informal setting and use walking in a formal setting instead of walkin.

Front 8

Global Language

Back 8

is a language spoken internationally, which is learned by many people as a second language.

Example: English is considered a global language, because of the dominant European origin.

Front 9

Syntax

Back 9

the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages.

Example: "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously."

Front 10

pidgin

Back 10

is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.

Front 11

creole

Back 11

a stable language that orginated from pidgin,Consistent set of grammar “rules.”

Front 12

decreolization

Back 12

is a process when Creole speakers come in more extensive contact with the standard dominant language such as school.

Front 13

Old English

Back 13

is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.

Front 14

Middle English

Back 14

is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066 and about 1470, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the 1470s, and slightly later by Richard Pynson.

Front 15

Early Modern English

Back 15

is the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century) to 1650.

Example: Thus, the first edition of the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare both belong to the late phase of Early Modern English, although the King James Bible intentionally keeps some archaisms that were not common even when it was published.

Front 16

Language Shift

Back 16

is the progressive process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language.

Front 17

Language shock

Back 17

is the frustration and mental anguish that results in being reduced to the level of a two-year-old in one's ability to communicate.

Front 18

first language attrition

Back 18

is the loss of a first or second language or a portion of that language by individuals; it should be distinguished from language loss within a community (the latter process is referred to as language shift or language death).

Front 19

code-switching

Back 19

is referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation.

Front 20

standard dialect

Back 20

s a dialect that is supported by institutions.

For example, Standard American English, Standard British English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English.

Front 21

Accent -

Back 21

is a manner of pronunciation of a language.

Front 22

phonology

Back 22

- is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language.

Front 23

morphology

Back 23

is the identification, analysis and description of structure of words.

Front 24

lexicon

Back 24

is the vocabulary of a particular language, field, social class, person, including its words and expressions.

Front 25

pragmatics

Back 25

is the study of how the arrangement of words and phrases can alter the meaning of a sentence, it deals with the structural ambiguity in a sentence.

Front 26

Nativization

Back 26

The process by which a transplanted language become native to a people or place, either in addition to or in place of any language or languages already in use.,

Front 27

society

Back 27

is a group of humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive culture or institutions.

Front 28

Culture

Back 28

the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group:

Front 29

speech situation

Back 29

is found within communication between individuals when their speech is governed by basic, but required and implied, rules.

Front 30

Intelligibility

Back 30

Intelligibility is the recognition of the words or another sentence-level element of an utterance.

Front 31

Comprehensibility

Back 31

is the recognition of a meaning attached to a word or utterance, i.e. an understanding of a possible meaning.

Front 32

Interpretability

Back 32

refers to the recognition by the hearer/reader of the intent of purpose of an utterance, i.e. the intentionality of the utterance.

Front 33

Standard language

Back 33

a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status.

Example:
As it is usually the form promoted in schools and the media, it is usually considered by speakers of the language to be more "correct" in some sense than other dialects.

Front 34

Language Attitudes

Back 34

Language attitudes are the feelings people have about their own language or the languages of others

Example: Mother tongue speakers may feel secure about their language and take pride in using it. If so, they may want their orthography to be very distinctive from other languages used in the country.

Front 35

first diaspora

Back 35

aaaa

Front 36

second diaspora

Back 36

bbbb

Front 37

vernacular dialect

Back 37

varieties that seem to be typified by the use of non standard forms.

Front 38

negative foreground rule.

Back 38

dddd

Front 39

two successive vowel rule

Back 39

eeee