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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"hidden" knowledge, description of how one knows how to use speech unconsciously (like walking and talking)
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linguistic competence
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the way someone produces language consciously (like emphasizing certain words in acting)
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linguistic performance
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unable to remember a word, mispronouncing something, jumbling a sentence, etc.
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performance errors
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when idea is to be passed from one person to another, this is used to describe how a person acts and responds
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communication chain
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sounds of a language (the study of)
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phonology
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vocabulary
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lexicon
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word order
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syntax
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word formation
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morphology
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meaning changes when structure changes
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semantics
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what linguists do is to describe basic linguistic knowledge
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descriptive grammar
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what speakers should do; often associated with the prestige or standard dialect
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prescriptive grammar
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state explicitly the rules of the language, list the words and pronunciations and aid in learning a new language or dialect
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teaching grammar
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kinds of phonetics (3 A's)
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acoustic
auditory articulatory |
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IPA
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international phonetic alphabet
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the IPA is used as a...
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one-to-one correspondence between sound and symbol
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p
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pill
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b
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bill
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m
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mill
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f
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feel
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v
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veal
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t
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till
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d
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dill
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n
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nil
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s
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seal
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z
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zeal
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k
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kill
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g
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gill
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h
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heal
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l
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leaf
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r
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reef
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θ
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thigh
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ʃ
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shill
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ʒ
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measure (softer shh sound compared to shill)
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ɫʃ
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chill
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dʒ
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Jill
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w (with small o under)
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which
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ŋ
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ring (the ng)
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j
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you
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w
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witch
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i
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beet
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e
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bait
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u
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boot
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o
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boat
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æ
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bat
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ʌ
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butt
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aɪ
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bite
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ɔɪ
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boy
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ɪ
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bit
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ɛ
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bet
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ʊ
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foot
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ɔ
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awl
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a
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pot
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ə
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sofa
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aʊ
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bout
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[p] [b] [m]
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bilabials
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[f] [v]
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labiodentals
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[θ] [ð]
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interdentals
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[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
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alveolars
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[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j]
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palatals
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[k] [g] [ŋ]
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velars
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[h] [?]
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glottals
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aspirated
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voiced
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unaspirated
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voiceless
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air escapes through throat and mouth mainly
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oral
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air escapes through the nose throat and mouth
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nasal
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airstream is clogged completely momentarily
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stops
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airflow is so restricted it causes friction
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fricatives
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stop followed immediately by a release into a fricative
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affricates
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no real constriction or friction
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liquids
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little obstruction; always followed by a vowel
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glides
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[w] [l] [r] [j]
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approximants
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vowels: [i] [u]
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high
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vowels: [a]
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low
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[u] vs. [i]
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lip rounding
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vowel + glide
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diphthong
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i, e, o, u
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tense vowels
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ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ
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lax vowels
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obstruction in the oral cavity including nasal consonants
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noncontinuants
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all other vowels and consonants without obstructions
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continuants
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stops, fricatives, and affricates
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obstruents
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resonate; includes nasal consonants
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sonorants
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study of speech sounds
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phonetics
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study of the way speech sounds form patterns
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phonology
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a class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound
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phonemes
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the actual sound associated with the phoneme in various environments
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allophone
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the set of phonetic environments in which a sound occurs
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distribution
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if two phones are in complementary distribution...
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they are allophones of the same phoneme
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interference in communication chain
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noise
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using context in order to interpret an utterance's meaning
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pragmatics
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sound
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phone
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motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract
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articulation
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voice box, contains vocal folds
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larynx
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found above larynx, contains oral and nasal cavities
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vocal tract
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found below the larynx
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sub-glottal system
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windpipe
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trachea
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folds of muscle inside the larynx
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vocal folds
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opening between the vocal folds
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glottis
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how the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce the sound
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manner of articulation
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where in the vocal tract a constriction is made
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place of articulation
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sound produced by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge
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retroflex
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