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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phonetics
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The study of linguistic speech sound, how they are produced (articulatory phonetics), how they are perceived (auditory or perceptual phonetics), and their physical aspects (acoustic phonetics).
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segment
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(1) An individual sound that occurs in a language; (2) the act of dividing utterances into sounds, morphemes, words, and phrases.
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phonetic alphabet
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Alphabetic symbols used to represent the phonetic segments of speech in which there is a one-to-one relationship between each symbol and each speech sound.
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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
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The phonetic alphabet designed by the International Phonetic Association to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages. Includes modified Roman letters and diacritics.
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diacritics
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Additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length, tone, stress, nasalization; extra marks on a written character that change its usual value, e.g., the tilde (~) drawn over the letter n in Spanish represents a palatalized nasal rather than an alveolar nasal.
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length
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A prosodic feature referring to the duration of a segment. Two sounds may contrast in length, e.g., in Japanese the first vowel is [+long] in /bi:ru/ "beer" but [-long], therefore short, in /biru/ "building."
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tone
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The contrastive pitch of syllables in tone language. Two words may be identical except for such differences in pitch, e.g., in Thai [naa] with falling pitch means "face," but with a rising pitch means "thick."
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stress
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A syllable with relatively greater length, loudness, and/or higher pitch than other syllables in a word, and therefore perceived as prominent. Also called accent.
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nasal sound
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Speech sound produced with an open nasal passage (lowered velum), permitting air to pass through the nose as well as the mouth, e.g., /m/. See oral sound.
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oral sound
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A non-nasal speech sound produced by raising the velum to close the nasal passage so that air can escape only through the mouth. See nasal sound.
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orthography
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spelling
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glottis
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The opening between the vocal cords.
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pharynx
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The tube or cavity in the vocal tract above the glottis through which the air passes during speech production.
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consonants
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A speech sound produced with some constriction of the air stream. See vowel.
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vowel
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A sound produced without significant constriction of the air flowing through the oral cavity.
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oral cavity
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The mouth area through which air passes during the production of speech. See nasal cavity.
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nasal cavity
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The passageways between the throat and the nose through which air passes during speech if the velum is open (lowered). See oral cavity.
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obstruents
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The class of sounds consisting of nonnasal stops, fricatives, and affricates. See sonorants.
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sonorants
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The class of sounds that includes vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals; nonobstruents. See obstruents.
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place of articulation
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The part of the vocal tract at which constriction occurs during the production of consonants. See manner of articulation.
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manner of articulation
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The way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract. Stop, nasal, affricate, and fricative are some manners of articulation. See place of articulation.
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bilabial
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A sound articulated by bringing both lips together.
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labiodental
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A sound produced by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth, e.g., [v]
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alveolar
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A sound produced by raising the tongue to the alveolar ridge, e.g., [s], [t], [n].
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alveolar ridge
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The part of the hard palate directly behind the upper front teeth.
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palatal
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A sound produced by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate.
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palate
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The bony section of the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge.
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velar
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A sound produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, or velum.
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uvular
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A sound produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula.
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glottal/glottal stop
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A speech sound produced with constriction at the glottis; when the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal cords, a glottal stop is produced.
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voiced sound
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A speech sound produced with vibrating vocal cords.
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voiceless
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A speech sound produced with open, nonvibrating vocal cords.
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oral sound
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A non-nasal speech sound produced by raising the velum to close the nasal passage so that air can escape only through the mouth. See nasal sound.
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uvula
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The fleshy appendage hanging down from the end of the velum, or soft palate.
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velum
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The soft palate; the part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard palate.
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stops
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[-Continuant] sounds in which the airflow is briefly but completely stopped in the oral cavity, e.g., /p, n, g/.
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fricatives
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A consonant sound produced with so narrow a constriction in the vocal tract as to create sound through friction, e.g., [s], [f].
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affricates
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A sound produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a slow release characteristic of a fricative; phonetically a sequence of stop + fricative, e.g., the ch in chip, which is [t∫] and like [t] + [∫]
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liquids
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A class of consonants including /l/ and /r/ and their variants that share vowel-like acoustic properties and may function as syllabic nuclei.
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glides
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A speech sound produced with little or no obstruction of the air stream that is always preceded or followed by a vowel, e.g., /w/ in we, /j/ in you.
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aspirated
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Describes a voiceless stop produced with a puff of air that results when the vocal cords remain open for a brief period after the release of the stop, e.g., the [p^h] in pit. See unaspirated.
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unaspirated
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Phonetically voiceless stops in which the vocal cords begin vibrating immediately upon release of the closure, e.g., [p] in spot. See aspirated.
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labials
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A sound articulated at the lips, e.g., [b], [f].
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coronals
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The class of sounds articulated by raising the tip or blade of the tongue, including aveolars and palatals, e.g., [t], [∫].
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anteriors
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A phonetic feature of consonants whose place of articulation is in front of the palato-aveolar area, including labials, interdentals, and alveolars.
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sibilants
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The class of sounds that includes affricates, and aveolar and palatal fricatives, characterized acoustically with an abundance of high frequencies perceived as "hissings," e.g., [s].
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tense/lax
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Features that divide vowels into two classes. Tense vowels are generally longer in duration and higher in tongue position and pitch than the corresponding lax vowels, e.g., in English [i, e, u, o] are tense vowels and carry the feature [+tense], whereas the corresponding [bit, bet, foot, bore] are their lax counterparts and carry the feature [-tense]. See lax vowels.
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stressed
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A syllable with relatively greater length, loudness, and/or higher pitch than other syllables in a word, and therefore perceived as prominent. Also called accent.
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prosodic feature
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The duration (length), pitch or loudness of speech sounds.
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suprasegmental
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Prosodic features, e.g., length, tone
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intonation
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The pitch contour of a phrase or sentence.
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continuant
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A speech sound in which the air stream flows continually through the mouth; all speech sounds except stops and affricates.
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syllabic
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A phonetic feature of those sounds that may constitute the nucleus of syllables; all vowels are syllabic, and liquids and nasals may be syllabic in such words as towel, button, bottom.
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nucleus
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That part of a syllable that has the greatest acoustic energy; the vowel portion of a syllable, e.g., /i/ in /mit/ - meet.
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