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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language |
A set of elements, and a list of many linguistic rules which organise these elements into a system. That is called grammar. |
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Competence |
The speaker's subconscious knowledge of this system. |
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Performance |
Your actual state of how you form a language (e.g.: you are drunk or sleepy, you obviously make mistakes, but that is NOT violating the language). How we perform this language knowledge at a certain situation. |
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Distribution |
A sum of environments/positions in which a linguistic element can occur. |
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Complementary distribution |
In case of the indefinite article, the "a" and "an" cannot be switched, therefore they are complementary. |
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Homograph |
Spelled the same, but the pronunciation and meaning is different. E.g.: tear/tear, wind/wind |
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Homonym |
Meaning is different, spelling and pronunciation is the same. E.g.: can/can, tire/tire |
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Homophone |
Pronunciation is the same, spelling and meaning are different. E.g.: poor/pour |
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Syntagmatic relationship |
The linear order of the words (this helps often to categorize the words into word classes). |
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Finite verbs |
Finite verbs can have different forms depending on some other verb in the sentence. 'Finite' means 'determined', i.e. 'determined by something else in the sentence'. They must have a subject, which is nominative. Forms: present base, 3rd person singular, past form. |
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Non-finite verbs |
Non-finite verbs only have one form, they are not determined by something else in the sentence. They never mark tense, but can mark aspect and vioce. They are often with auxiliaries. Subject is in accusative case (tárgyeset). Forms: infinite, past participle, present participle. |
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Copula |
Létige |
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Ellipsis |
To leave something out of a sentence. I read and translate novels. NOT I read and I translate novels. |
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Arbitrariness |
If you don't know a language, the words of that language will be mainly incomprehensible, because the relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent is an arbitrary one. |
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Onomatopoeic words |
Words that imitate the sound they refer to such as buzz or murmur (hangutánzók). |
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Language knowledge |
When you know a language, you know the sounds, the words and the rules for their combination. |
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Mental grammar |
Subconscious knowledge in the mind of the language speaker. |
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Descriptive grammar |
The theory that describes and explains this knowledge in an objective, scientific way. |
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Universal grammar |
The set of rules of language properties that are universal, that are shared in all languages. |
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Linguistic patterns |
Rules of grammar, syntax and semantics. |
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Phonology |
The sound system of a language. |
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Morphology |
The structure and properties of words. |
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Lexicon |
The grammar together with a mental dictionary. |
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Syntax |
How words may be combined in sentences and phrases. |
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Semantics |
The way which sounds and meanings are related. |
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Creativity |
A basic property of human language (animals do not have this); a speaker's ability to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of well-formed grammatical sentences, most of which are novel, never before produced or heard. |
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Auxiliary verbs |
Verbs that do not stand alone but accompany some main verb. |
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Modal auxiliary verbs |
Modals are a type of auxiliaries; all auxiliaries except be, do, have are modals, because they add some modality (time, propability, ability, etc.) to the meaning of the verb. |
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Dummy auxiliary |
Do |
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Aspectual auxiliary |
Auxiliaries that add the aspect (e.g.: present perfect have/has). |
