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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Synonymy
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two words with the same meaning
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Antonymy
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two words with opposite meanings
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Complementary antonyms
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Alive/dead
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Gradable Antonyms
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Big/Small
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Converses
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Lend/Borrow
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Homophony
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two words with the same pronunciation but different meanings
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Polysemy
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a single word that has two or more related meanings
Bright: ‘shining’ and ‘intelligent’ – obviously tied to each other, but with different ultimate meanings |
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Hyponymy
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a word X is a hyponym of Y if X’s set is contained in Y’s set
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Poodle is a ____ of dog
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hyponym
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Dog is a ____ of poodle
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hypernym
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Compositionality Principle (due to Frege)
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The meaning of the whole is a function of the meanings of the parts and of the way they are syntactically combined
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Paraphrase
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two sentences with the same meaning (the same truth conditions)
• Everyone in this room speaks two languages. • Two languages are spoken by everyone in this room. |
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Entailment
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the truth of one sentence guarantees the truth of a another sentence
• The park wardens killed the bear. • The bear is dead. |
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Contradiction
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if one sentence is true, the other has to be false
• Charles is a bachelor. • Charles is married |
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Lexical Semantics
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how to characterize the meanings of words
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Compositional Semantics
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how the meanings of individual units combine to form meanings of larger units
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Meaning =
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Reference
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Lexical Ambiguity
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uses words with more than one meaning to initiate ambiguity
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Structural Ambiguity
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ambiguous due to the structure of the tree
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I killed the king with a knife (lexical or structural ambiguity?)
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structural
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Drunk Gets Nine Monhts in Violin Case (lexical or structural ambiguity?)
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lexical (case)
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Recursion
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property of languages allowing for th repeated application of a rule, yielding infinitely long sentences or an infinite number of sentences
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Content Words
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words that have semantic value, can be (typically inflected), words that constitute open lexical categories to which new members can be added
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Function words
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Words that typically:
have grammatical function resist change constitute a closed class to which new members are not added words that tend to get omitted in aphasic speech and newspaper headlines (telegraphic speech) |
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Syntax
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the study of the way in which phrases and sentences are constructed from smaller units called constituents; hwo sentences are related to each other
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Coinage
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creation of a new word unrelated to any existing words/creation of a new word from 'scratch'
xerox teflon band-aid |
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Acronym/Initialism Formation
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creation of a new word by using inital letters of the words in a phrase or title
scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) |
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Back-Formation
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reomval of a affix
peddle from peddler enthuse from enthusiastic |
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clipping
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shortening of a polysyllabic word by deleting a syllable or a number of syllables
prof (professor) |
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Blending
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combingin portions of two existing words
spam (spiced ham) infomertial (information commercial) |
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Eponyms
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the name of a person that gave rise to a word
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Compounds
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combination of two or more existing words to form a new one
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Reduplication
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repetition of teh whole root or part of root
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