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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lexical semantics
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meaning of words
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phrasal semantics
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units bigger than words
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pragmatics
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how context affects meaning
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tautologies
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sentences that are always true
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complementary antonyms
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alive/dead
here/there |
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gradable antonyms
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hot/cold
old/young |
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relational antonyms
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give/receive
teacher/pupil |
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homonyms
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words spelled the same and mean different things
bear, bear |
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homophones
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words that sound the same but mean different things
bear, bare |
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polysemous
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words related but different
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hyponym
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class of words (colors: red, orange, etc)
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metonym
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object sbstitutes for concept (crown-->king)
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agent
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doer of action
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theme
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undergoer of action
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goal
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endpoint of transaction
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source
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were action originates
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instrument
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means to accomplish action
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experiencer
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receives sensory input
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discourse analysis
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precedes phrase for interpretations
study of broad speech units comprising mult. aksfj |
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deictic expressions
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depned on CONTEXT
yesterday, last week, this time, etc. |
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maxim of conversation
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conversastional conventions
quantity, relevance, manner, quality |
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innateness hypothesis
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people are autuomatically able to learn language
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overgeneralizations
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kids acquire regular grammatical rules and overuse
go-->goed |
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MLU
Mean Length of Utterances |
average length of utterances child produces at particular point in life
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dialect
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regional variety of language
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isogloseses
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borders for separate dialects
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idiolect
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individual's way of speaking, reflecting on that person's grammar
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code switching
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Spanglish, etc used by bilinguals
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standard
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dialect considered as norm
often idealized |
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lingua Franca
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trade language; used in places where speakers of more than one language life and allows communication and commerce
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pidgin
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simple but rule-governed language
NO NATIVES |
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creole
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started from pidgin but used as native tongue
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style/register
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situation dialects (Fromal v casual)
damn v darn v NOTHING |
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slang
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rapdily changing spread by age groups
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jargon/argo
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set of words used by particular occupational group
scientists, police, etc |
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taboo
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words not used in polite soceity
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euphemism
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good word for a tabooo one in polite society
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sociolinguists study whhhaatt?
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study of effect of any/all aspects of society
LABOV |
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external v internal language
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external: social contexts
SOCIOLINGUISTICS internal: syntax, semantics; language in head of an abstract level |
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ideograms
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generalized (less literal) pictograms
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cuneiform
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table+writing
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logographic
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word writing: each character represents language morpheme (CHINESE)
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emoticons
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text character expressions
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rebus principle
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something stands for SUN and can later be used as SON
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phoremic principle
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alphabets devised upon sound writing
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digraph
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SH
CH NG OA letter combos to make one sound |
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bilabial
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two lips touching
p b m w |
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labiodental
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lip teeth
f v |
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interdental
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tongue between teeth
th and TH |
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alveolar
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tongue alveolar bridge
t d n s z l r |
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palatal
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tongue and palate
SH ZZ J CH |
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velar
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back of tongue and velar
k g NG m w |
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glottal
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H
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phonology
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study of the way speech sounds form patterns
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minimal pairs
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two words with different meanings identical except for one sound segmt in the same place
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phoneme
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basic form of a sound--in MIND
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allophone
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different parts of phoneme--dif possible sounds
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complementary distribution
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phones never occur in the same environment
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assimilation rules
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neighboring segmts become more similar by duplicating phonetic properties
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dissimilation
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less similar sounds near one another
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epenthesis
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instert consonant/vowel
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metathesis
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switched order
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neutralization
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voicing contrast b/t T and D
flap? |
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derivation
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steps in appointmetn of rules to an underlying form that results in surface representation
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rime
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nucleus + coda (following syllables)
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optimality theory
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the higher the phon. constraingt exists the more influence on English
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open class
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content words--can always be added to
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closed class
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function words
and, the, but, etc |
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morpheme
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the most elemmental unit of grammatical form
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morphology
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study of internal structure of owrds and rules by which owrds are formed
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discreteness
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decomposition of words-->morphemes
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free morphemes
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can be words on their own
boy, dog, gentle |
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bound morphemes
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not meaning but parts
ish, -ly, etc |
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circumfixes
disconnection morphemes |
morphemes attached to base morphemes --BETWEEN
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root
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smallest content morpheme
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base
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any root/stem an affix is attached
(system and systematically) |
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derivational morphemes
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create new word MEANINGS
-ify, -cation |
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coinage
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KODAK, nylon
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eponym
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proper name
john, sandwich |
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back formations
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bikini-->monokini
hamburger-->chickenburger |
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compounds
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accent on the HEAD
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blends
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combine two words
smog, brunch |
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clipping
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facsimile-->fax
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acronyms
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first initials
NASA CIA |
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inflectional morphemes
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strictly grammatical
change tense, number, gender, etc (-s, -ed) |
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suppletive
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irregular froms of inflectional morphemes (went-->go)
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content morpheme
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changes word meaning
(un-->untrue) |
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function morphemes
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pluralize
s in books etc |
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affix
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prefix
suffix infix circumfix |
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syntax
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part of grammar that represents a knowledge of sentences and their structures
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constituents
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natural groupings of a sentence
constituent structure--tree diagrams |
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syntactic category
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family of expressions that can substitue for one another without gram.
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embedded sentence
complementary s (CS) |
sentence occurs within a sentence
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recursive rules
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phrase structure rules can be repeated within one another
VP-->VP NP |
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intransitive verb
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Michael CAN'T sleep a fish
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C-Selection
subcategorization |
classifying verbs in category of complements accepted
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S-Selection
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classifying verbs and others in semantic category
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deep structures
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basic sentence structure
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surface structures
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derived structures after applying transformational rules
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structure dependent
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words in certain orders
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parameters
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vairation structure ways b/t languages
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protolanguage
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ancestral language which related languages have been dervied from
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Great Vowel Shift
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b/t 1400 and 1600 in Englih
new phonemic reps of words and morphemes: loong vowels changed |
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narrowed
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deer=beast NOW just deer
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broadened
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dog=specific type NOW just all dogs
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comparative method
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find protolanguage through looking at descrendants' languages
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unconditioned sound change
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phonolgoical change in all contexts: long vowels in GVS always changed EVERYWHERE
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conditioned sound change
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specific context of phonological change (f--v voiced when b/t vowels)
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analogic change
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generalization of rules
cow--> cows instead of KINE |
