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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Traditional Grammar?
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Any grammatical approach with roots in the Greek and Latin tradition.
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What is Prescriptive Grammar?
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Grammar that dictates how we speak and write. Forbids certain usages (ie split infinitives, stranded prepositions, and double negatives).
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What is Descriptive Grammar?
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Grammar that simply describes how a language is actually spoken/written.
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What is Teaching/Pedagogical Grammar?
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Grammar that is used to teach native and nonnative speakers of a language how to use the language for academic success.
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What is Universal Grammar?
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Chomsky's [1950s] idea of the commonalities between all human languages.
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What is Transformational/Generative Tranformational/Descriptive Grammar?
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Tries to account for the processes that go on in the mind when sentences are being generated or comprehended.
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What is another words for 'grammar'?
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Syntax.
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What does syntax consist of?
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Grammar is also known as ‘syntax’ and consists of the following parts: 1) id/classification parts of speech, 2) words->phrases, 3) phrases->clauses/sentences, 4) transformational rules
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What are the 8 parts of speech contained in everyone's mental lexicon?
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Preposition, Adjective, Pronoun, Adverb, Verb, Noun, Conjunction, Articles.
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What are the 5 phrasal categories?
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AdjP, AdvP, NP, VP, PP
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How many types of sentences are there and what are they called?
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Three. Simple, Compound, Complex.
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How can a simple sentence be recognized?
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It contains one conjugated main verb.
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How can a compound sentence be recognized?
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It contains a subordinating conjunction.
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How can a complex sentence be recognized?
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It contains multiple clauses (at least one independent and one dependent) that are connected by complimentizers.
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What is Linguistic Competence?
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Pure and abstract knowledge that all adult speakers have of a language.
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What is Linguistic Performance?
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Use of linguistic competence to produce language. Can be affected by a number of external factors.
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What is Linguistic Creativity?
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Use of linguistic competence to produce language. Can be affected by a number of external factors.
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Diagram for Linguistic Creativity:
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PSR-Lexicon--> Deep structure, Transformational Component, Surface Structure
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What do all grammars contain?
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Phrase structural rules and a lexicon.
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What are the 4 types of rules of transformation?
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Movement, substitution, addition, deletion.
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How is linguistic creativity exercised?
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Words from the lexicon are inserted into the phrase structural rules. The meeting of these two results in the deep structure. The deep structures goes through various transformational components and finally results in the derivation (surface structure).
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What is the sentence order in English?
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Subject-Verb-Object
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What are the 5 important aspects of the deep structure?
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no negation
no questions no commands active voice affirmative mood |
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How are ill-formed sentences avoided?
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Merging syntax with semantics.
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What does semantics study?
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1) the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences, 2) the semantic features that make up words, 3) the semantic relationships between the words in the mental lexicon, and the contextual meaning of utterances/sentences
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What are the two subcategories of semantics?
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lexical semantics and phrasal/sentential semantics.
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What are transitive verbs?
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Verbs that can take a direct object.
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What are intransitive verbs?
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Verbs that can be used by themselves or can be followed by a prepositional phrase.
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What are connecting/linking verbs?
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Verbs that are generally followed by an adjective.
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What are ditransitive verbs?
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Verbs that can take two direct object NPs.
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