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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Competence
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language as system
• what you know • not conscious • abstract • infinite |
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Performance
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language as behavior
• how you use what you know • extralinguistic factors influence actual speech production and comprehension • finite |
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Duality
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two levels of structure • property that sounds are meaningless in isolation but meaningful in combination |
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Discreteness
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Property of having complex messages that are built up out up of smaller parts
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Productivity
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Property of a language that allows for the rule-based expression of an infinite number of messages, including novel ideas
In practice, the ability to produce and understand utterances that the individual has not been exposed to before by applying rules to combine discrete elements of the language in new ways |
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Aphasia
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disturbance of one or more aspects of the complex process of comprehending and formulating verbal messages
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Broca's Aphasia
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can understand, but can't take in anything and turn it back out
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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can turn words out, but can't take them in, words incorrectly used
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Lexical Content Words
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OPENCLASS
• can add new words |
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Grammatical/Function Words
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CLOSEDCLASS
• cannot add new words |
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Inflectional
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tenses, comparative, superlative, plural, possessive
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Derivational
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new word entirely, generally type of word changes (noun to adjective, for example)
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Allomorphs
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Same meaning but different forms
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Constituent Tests
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Ability to stand alone • Substitution by a pro-formor pro-word • Movement • Parenthetical remarks • Words and sentences are always constituents |
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MAXIM OF QUANTITY
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Say neither more nor less than the discourse requires
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MAXIM OF RELEVANCE
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Be relevant
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MAXIM OF MANNER
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Be brief and orderly; avoid ambiguity and obscurity
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MAXIM OF QUALITY
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Do not lie; do not make unsupported claims
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Locutionary Acts
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act of saying something; act of simply uttering a sentence
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Illocutionary Acts
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act of doing something; what the speaker intends to do by uttering a sentence
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Perlocutionary Acts
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act of affecting someone; effect on the hearer of what a speaker says
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Deictic expressions
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depend on the immediate physical context in which they are uttered for their interpretation. They have one meaning but refer to different entities as the extralinguistic context changes. Reference relies entirely on the situational context of the utterance.
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Hyponymy
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dachsund, poodle, retriever:: dog[specific instance :: general class]
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Homonymy
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bearbare[same sound :: different meaning]
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Metonymy
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the Boilers > football teamWashington, Kremlin, London > governments[word or phrase that reflects the name of an attribute or concept associated with the object that it refers to
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Minimal Pair
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words distinguished by single phone occurring between them
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Complementary Distribution
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phonemes do not occur in the same environment
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UG
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Universal Grammar: children have innate blueprint for languange
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Stages of Language Development
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holophrase
telegraphic speech grammatical morphemes overgeneralization by three, same as an adult |
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Earliest stage of Language Development
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Babbling
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Holophrastic Phase
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approx. 1 yr old, one word, concrete of content word
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Two Word Stage
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18-24 months, negation, recurrence, notice, mostly thematic roles
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Telegraphic
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gradual inclusion of function words, mostly open class words, gradual influx of derivational and inflectional morphology
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Overextension
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when range of word's meaning extended beyond that of an average adult
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Abjad
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only consonants
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Abugida
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C and vowel diacritics
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