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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plosive (stops) |
Manner of articulation: air flow is completely stopped |
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Nasal |
Manner of articulation: Air flow passes through velum |
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Trill |
Manner of articulation: articulators are not do not provoke closure but are close to each other and modulate sounds |
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Fricative |
Manner of articulation: Articulators are very close and provoque friction when air flow goes through |
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Approximant |
Manner of articulation: no real striction |
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Bilabial |
Place of articulation: the lips |
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Labiodental |
Place of articulation: lips and teeth |
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Dental Alveolar Postalveolar |
Place of articulation: tongue and teeth or alveolum |
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retroflex |
Place of articulation: the tongue is curled back |
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Palatal |
Place of articulation: tongue and palate |
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Velar |
Place of articulation: tongue and velum |
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Uvular |
Place of articulation: tongue and uvula |
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pharyngeal |
Place of articulation: pharynx |
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glottal |
Place of articulation: glottis |
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Phonemes |
They do not have meaning on their own but they are the smallest structural unit that support differentiation at higher levels such as at the morpheme level. The mental representation of a phone. Represented in between slashes (//) |
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Coarticulation |
Tha fact that a letter can be pronounced differently according to its position in the word (its neighbouring sounds), |
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Allophones |
Different variations of the same phoneme, as a result of coarticulation. |
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Minimal pairs |
Pairs of meaningful units that differ only for one phoneme at the same position (allophones do not count!). |
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Vowel |
A sound in spoken language pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis |
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Consonant |
A sound in spoken language that have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract. |
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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) |
A collection of all the phonemes of all the languages. |
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Voiced consonant |
A sound is actually produced during articulation of the consonant. |
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Unvoiced consonants |
No sound is actually emitted during the consonant itself, but rather during the following phoneme. |
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voice onset time (VOT) |
A feature of the production of stop consonants. It is defined as the length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing. |
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Vowel articulation can be modulated by: |
- height of the tongue - position of the closure with the palate - rounding of lips |
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schwa (ə) |
The central vowe, one of the most conserved sounds across languages. |
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A sound wave is caracterized by: |
- freuency - amplitude |
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Fourier analysis |
Allows to decompose a complex sound wave of spoken sounds and in the component frequencies. |
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The variables in the spectrogram are: |
- X: time - Y: frequency - Color intensity: amplitude |
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Formants |
A range of frequencies of a complex sound in which there is an absolute or relative maximum in the sound spectrum. Often corresponds to vowels. |
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Cochlea |
Part of the inner ear responsible for the transformation of mechanical signal into neural signals. - initial part: high frequencies - terminal part: low frequencies |
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tonotopic organization of auditory cortex |
similar frequencies vs. dissimilar are processed in close areas in the auditory cortex. |
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right-ear advantage (REA) |
Perception of speech sounds is easier at the right ear. |
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left-ear advantage (LEA) |
for perception of music and other ambient sounds |
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categorical perception |
The fact that perceived speech sounds are reconducted to discrete category (phonemes) . |
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foreign accent syndrome |
a speech impediment affecting phonetic production gestures making speech sound like foreign accent |
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When does acquisition of phonology occurs? |
Within the firs year of life. |
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shibbolet words |
words whose variations in pronunciation or style can be used to differentiate members of in-groups from those of out-groups |
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syllable |
a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds |
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A syllable is formed of: |
- onset - nucleus - coda |
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The forst forms of writing date back of ...? |
6000 years ago |
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Where is the neural representation of phonemes in the brain? |
Superior temporal gyrus (auditory cortex). |
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Where are phonemes localized? |
Superior temporal lobe |
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Where are phonemic features localized? |
Superior temporal lobe and (pre-)motor areas. |
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Phone |
The actual instance of a phoneme. The physical event of the acoustic sound. Represented in between square brackets ( [ ] ). |
