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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prescriptive Rule
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Grammar rules and how one should speak- based on opinion
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Descriptive Rule
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How speakers actually speak
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Tacit Knowledge
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-unspoken, unconscious rules
-descriptive rules are tacit -cant explain or teach but follow these rules |
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Universal Grammar
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-descriptive rules that apply across languages
-a theory of the rules that characterize human language and the limits to the variation. |
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Socrates
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Shows that uneducated boy unconsciously knows a geometrical theorem. Boy able answer question b/c basic nativist argument
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Anamnesis
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Knowledge carried over from an earlier experience
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Empiricism view
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knowledge comes from experience
birth blank slate |
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Tabula Rasa
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at birth the human mind is a blank slate
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Behaviorism view
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Child is rewarded for producing correct word in context. Language become more and more accurate
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Current Debate
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Knowledge of language involves built in knowledge and some acquired by experience. Ppl argue about exact nature of the structures and process
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Human Language Faculty
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Chumpsky- language specific domain of the mind.
- brain helps us to see things the way we do - brain helps process language |
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Creativity of Language
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speaker can produce and understand indefinite number of sentences
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Recursion
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Linguistic unit of particular type occurs inside large unit of the same type.
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Impossable Rules
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object before subject
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Modules of Grammar
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morphology, phonology, syntax, phonetics, semantics
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morphology
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word structure
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compounding
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morphologically complex word made up of two or more words.
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Phonology
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Grammar of speech sounds. All sounds can be described by small universal properties like lip rounding, tongue position, etc
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Wug Test
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created by Jean Gleason
acquisition of the plural and other inflectional morphemes in English-speaking children. Children know rules. |
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Syntax
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structure of phrases
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verb phrase
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languages have proforms for verb + object but not for subject + verb.
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proform
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words that recieve meaning from nearby sequence
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nativist view
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humans have general learning mechanisms but also have special cognitive mechanisms for language
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Specialization of brain areas for language
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cerebral location for language in brain
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biological window of opprotunity for acquiring language
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-children acquire language w/ ease and little instruction
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Competence
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knowledge in speakers mind which allows language to be generated
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Performance
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The way speaker actually speaks. Often distorted by memory, fatigue, inattention, etc
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Ambiguity
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sentences can have more than one meaning depending on interpretation
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Phoneme
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-Sounds that are physically different and are perceived as the same.
- mental representation of letter Spear pear |
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Allophone
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-Conditioned varients of a singe letter
- physical realization, way we actually say sound - flapping r is an allophone of t,p,k |
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Flapping R
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characteristic of north american english
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construction of experience
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sounds that are physically different can be perceived as the same.
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McGurk Effect
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-fool mind
-eyes tell you one thing and ears hear something else -categories are imposed by the mind and there is a limited set categories which limits amount you can process. |
