Linguistic Comp Identification Terms

Front 1

PHONETIC FEATURES

Back 1

Phonetic properties of segments (e.g. voice, nasal, alveolar,) that distinguish one segment from another.

Front 2

Identify Complementary Distribution (12.11sm)

Back 2

The occurrence of sounds in a language in which they never found in the same phonetic environment. Sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme.
Example: English sounds [p] and [p\h]
spat is the [p] and pat is [p\h]. [p] occurs after [s] but never word initial.

Front 3

SYLLABLE (12/17/11)

Back 3

a phonological unit composed of one or more phonemes.
(FRH) A phonological unite composed of an ONSET, NUCLEUS, and CODA.

Front 4

Syllable Nucleus

Back 4

The core element of a syllable, carrying' stress, length,
and pitch (tone).
Also: The part of the syllable that has the greatest acoustic energy. the vowel portion of a syllable. The nucleus is usually a vowel but may also be a syllabic liquid or nasal.

The sound which carries the peak of sonority in a syllable, e.g. [æ] is the nucleus of the syllable [kæt] "cat", [s] is the nucleus of the syllable [pst].

Front 5

What is the rime? (12.11-sm)

Back 5

The rime is the nucleus + coda of a syllable, e.g., the /en/ of /ren/ rain.

Front 6

What is the syllable Onset? (12/11-sm)

Back 6

The syllable onset is one or more phonemes that precede the syllable nucleus, e.g., /pr/ in /prist/ priest.

Front 7

What is the Syllable CODA?
9112/11-sm)

Back 7

One or more phonological segments that follow the nucleus of a syllable, e.g., the /st/ in /prist/ priest.

Front 8

DIGLOSSIA

Back 8

Contemporary Meaning:
Any situation in which two distinct languages or dialects are used for different functions within one society.
Example: In many African countries, the language of education and instruction is English or French. However, the languages spoken in everyday life, depending on the country and region, are various African languages.

Front 9

COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION (revised: 12/11sm)

Back 9

The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment, e.g., [p] and[p\h] in English.
[p]: spat [p\h]: pat.

Front 10

CODE-SWITCHING (sm12/11)

Back 10

The movement back and forth between two languages or dialects within the same discourse or sentence.
Example: Switching from English to Spanish and back again.
AKA code-mixing

Front 11

What is a Semantic Feature?

Back 11

A condition that must be met in order for something to be a member of the set denoted by a particular word. (...in order for a word to be appropriate to use)
Example:Words: mare, stallion, hen and rooster all have the common meaning of ANIMAL., i.e. same semantic feature. etc

Front 12

What are the major semantic roles?

Back 12

A semantic role is the underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause.
AKA: Thematic roles, theta role.
Example: The boy rolled the red ball [to the girl]
The boy: Agent or doer of the action; "the red ball" is theme or "undergoer." The girl: the goal.
Also have "instrument"
Source: -where the action originated; instrument: means to accomplish action; experimcer" he one receiving sensory imput.

Front 13

What is a homograph?

Back 13

Words that are spelled identically and possibly pronounced the same but have different meanings.
Example: "bear: to tolerate" or the animal.
Lead: the metal or "to lead."

Front 14

What are SPEECH ACTS?

Back 14

Actions that are performed only through using language: a term that describes the use of speech emphasizing the speaker's intention or goal in producing an utterance.
Example:
Assertion: convey information; Question: elicit information; Request: elicit action or information
Order: demand action

Front 15

What is an INDIRECT SPEECH ACT?

Back 15

An utterance that performs its function in an indirect and non literal manner.
Example Request: The garbage hasn't been taken out yet." Indirect way of saying: Please take out the garbage.

Front 16

What is a TRIPHTHONG?

Back 16

A triphthong, which literally means "with three sounds," is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel quality to a second vowel quality and passing over a thrid. However, only one vowel sound is produced. Example: Tower

Front 17

METATHESIS

Back 17

Switching the order of two sounds each taking the place of the other.
For example: some English speakers: ask--> aks. However, the switch is made in asking. (There is a historical metathesis for ask.) ANIMAL--> AMINAL. The SHETLAND dog has become SHELTIE.

Front 18

CONDUCTION APHASIA

Back 18

Conduction Aphasia results from damage to the bundle of nerves that attaches Brocc's and Wernicke's area. Those who suffer from this type of aphaia are able to produce fluent but meaningless speech, show sings that they are able to comprehend the speech of others, but are not able to repeat them.

Front 19

What is TOk Pissin?

Back 19

Tok PIssin evolved from Melanesian Pidgin English and was gradually creolized. It is one of the three recognized languages of Papua New Guinea. It is widely used. For example, debates in the PNG parliament are conducted in TP.

Front 20

What is a Phrase Structure Tree?

Back 20

A visual means of representing the syntactic structure of a phrase or sentence. It reveals both the linear and hierarchical structure of a phrase or sentence. (12.1.10)

Front 21

LEXICAL CATEGORY

Back 21

Class of words grouped together based on morphological and syntactic properties ("parts of speech"). AKA syntactic category

Front 22

What is a creole continuum?

Back 22

When a creole is in contact with some other dominant language (like Standard English)a number of varieties can arise. As the standard language has more influence the varieties begin to resemble the standard language. The process has become known as decreolization.

Front 23

What is an Accidental Gao?

Back 23

a non-existing word which is expected to exist given the hypothesized morphological rules of a particular language.
For example: Recite--Recital--Recitation. But: Arrival-Arrival-NO Arrivation.

Front 24

Deictic (Expression)

Back 24

A word or expression that takes its meaning relative to the time, place, and speaker (context) of the speaker. It is a "placeholder" word that does not refer to anything specific. "I am here now."

Front 25

Maxims of Relevance

Back 25

Maxims of manner instruct speakers on HOW they should go about giving information:
Avoid Obscurity (such as jargon or terms that listener cannot reasonably be expected to know.
Avoid Ambiguity (things that have more than 1 meaning)
Be brief (don't be wordy)
Be orderly.(organize)

Front 26

Felicitous

Back 26

Describes an utterance that is situationally appropriate for the context in which it is uttered. For example, "What do you do for a living?" I am an instructor at ULL.

Front 27

Felicity Conditions

Back 27

The circumstances required for a particular speech act felicitous. In order to be felicitous, it must be uttered in a context.
For example, for a request to be felicitous, it must be directed to a person (mammal) that is capable of doing whatever was requested.

Front 28

(2/10/12)
Define or identify: ALLOMORPH

Back 28

One of a set of non-distinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar. For example, [s], [z] or [ez] for cats, dogz, horsez, are allomorphs of of the same morpheme.
[different phonetic forms or variations of a morpheme. Example: The final morphemes in the following words are pronounced differently, but they all indicate plurality: dogs, cats, and horses.]

Front 29

What was the Great Vowel Shift?

Back 29

The GVS was a sound change that took place in English sometime between 1400-1600. It resulted in the change of seven long vowel phonemes. For example, the the high vowels (i as in beat) and (u as in boot) became diphthongs. As a result there was a shift in pronunciation: meace--> mice and moose--> mouse.

Front 30

What is a free morpheme?

Back 30

Fee morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone as words.
ex. Clock, Bat.

Front 31

Bound Morphemes

Back 31

Morphemes that attach to other morphemes, never existing as words themselves. ex: -ly, non- Some morphemes seem free such as CATalog. However, since its meaning is not the same as in "cat" it is a bound morpheme.

Front 32

Derivational Morphemes

Back 32

Morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of the words to which they attach (ex) multi-, -ation

Front 33

Inflectional Morphemes

Back 33

Morphemes that serve a purely grammatical function never creating a new word but only a different form of the same word. (ex)-ed, -'s

Front 34

Cranberry Morphemes

Back 34

Morphemes that have no constant associated meaning: cran-berry, rasp-berry. receive, conceieve

Front 35

(2.17/12)
What is recursion?

Back 35

A property of language allowing for the repeated application of a rule, yielding infinitely long sentences or an infinite number of sentences.
For example, "The boy saw the man with a dog" can become: "The boy saw the man wearing dark sunglasses, with a dog on the train." It allows for flexibility in the syntactic rules.

Front 36

What is matched-guise method

Back 36

An experimental method used to test personality type and aspects of language. For example, the French-Canadian study...

Front 37

Who was Leonard Bloomfield?

Back 37

An American linguist whose work led to the development of structural linguistics. He also made significant contributions to the study of Indo-European historical linguistics.

Front 38

What is connotative meaning/connotation?

What is Denotative meaning/denotation?

Back 38

C- The evocative or affective meaning associated with a word.
Denotative--The referential meaning of a word or expression.
Two words or expressions may have the same denotative meanings but different connotative meanings: President or Commander-in-chief

Front 39

What is Hyponymy

Back 39

The property of two words such that he set of things denoted by one word is a subset of the things denoted by the other word.

Front 40

What is a Hypernym?

Back 40

A more general term: a word whose denotation always includes the set of things denoted by some hyponym.
Dog>>Poodle

Front 41

What is a hyponym?

Back 41

A more specific term: a word whose denotation is always included in the set of things denoted by some hypernym.

Front 42

What are Complementary Pairs?
(Antonyms)

Back 42

Two antonyms related in such a way that the negation of one is the meaning of the other. "alive" means "not dead." [In these pairs] everything is either one or the other, or else neither

Front 43

What are gradable pairs?

Back 43

Two antonyms related in such a way that more of one is less of the other. In other words, In other words, they are antonyms that describe states that the two extremes. For example 'wet/dry' are gradable antomyms. 'Damp' means something like 'between being wet and dry.'

Front 44

What are Semantic Features?

Back 44

[lexical decomposition--the idea that most words have meanings that are "built up" out of simpler meanings.
S.F of words: Conditions that must be met in order for a word to be appropriate to use.
Mare, Stallion, Hen, rooster: have the common meaning 'animal' in them. Hence, semantic feature is ANIMAL. 'X' must have the semantic feature 'Y' to be appropriate to use. [Green must have color]

Front 45

What is Deep Structure aka d-structure?

Back 45

Any phrase structure tree generated by the phrase structure rules of a transformational grammar; the basic syntactic structures of a grammar.

Front 46

PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES

Back 46

Principles of grammar that specify the constituencies of syntactic categories and of phrase structure trees. VP-->VNP

Front 47

PHRASE STRUCTURE TREE

Back 47

A tree diagram with syntactic categories at each node that reveals both the linear and hierarchical structure of phrases and sentences.

Front 48

TRANSFORMATIONAL RULE, TRANSFORMATION

Back 48

A syntactic rule that applies to an underlying phrase structure tree of a sentence (either d-structure or an intermediate structure already affected by a transformation) and derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements, e.g.,the transformational rules of wh movement and 'do' insertion relate the deep structure sentence "John saw who" to "whom did John see."

Front 49

WH-movement

Back 49

A transformation that moves a 'wh' phrase to the beginning of the sentence formulated as: Move a 'wh' phrase to the specifier position under CP

Front 50

What is a 'wh' question?

Back 50

A sentence that begins with the 5-w's or how. This question is an example of one.

Front 51

What is an Analytic Language?

Back 51

A language in which a single morpheme is used by itself with meaning and function intact. It uses no affixes.
Example: Mandarin Chinese:
I PLURAL play piano= We play piano.

Front 52

What is an Agglutinating Language?

Back 52

It is a synthetic language in which morphemes are joined together relatively loosely. It is easy to determine where the boundaries are between morphemes. An affix has meaning. Hungarian.

Front 53

What is a Fusional Languagel

Back 53

A synthetic language in which affixes are fused with the stem. Latin, Greek and Spanish. For example: Habol---no free morpheme in Spanish for Habl.

Front 54

What is a Poly-synthetic Language?

Back 54

Incorporates many affixes...adds objects into verbs: See "Your sister's face is ugly".

Front 55

What is Connotation?

Back 55

The meaning of a word is simply the set of associations it evokes. For example, 'desert' evokes a sense of dry/barren/arid.

Front 56

What is Denotation?

Back 56

The entity to which a word refers--its denotation or referent in the real world.

Front 57

What is Componential Analysis?

Back 57

The idea that meaning can be decomposed into smaller semantic units. These units of meaning are called Semantic features.

Front 58

What is Lexical Ambiguity?

Back 58

Lex.Ambig. results from one word in a sentence having more than 1 meaning. "The glasses are on the table."

Front 59

Structural Ambiguity

Back 59

When a group of words in a sentence can be combined in more than 1 way.

Front 60

What is Indo-European?
(PIE)

Back 60

The descriptive name given to the ancestor language of many modern European language families, including Germanic, Slavic and Romance.

Front 61

ISOLATING LANGUAGE

Back 61

A language in which most words contain a single morpheme, and there is little if any word morphology, (no plural affixes/agreement affixes) aka Analytic language.

Front 62

What is Polysemy?

Back 62

Describes a single word with several closely related but slightly different meanings.: Face= "face of a clock" face of a person.

Front 63

What is the Schwa?

Back 63

An unstressed and toneless neutral vowel sound in some languages, often but not necessarily a mid-central vowel. Such vowels are often transcribed with the symbol <ə>, regardless of their actual phonetic value.