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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phonetics |
the description of the sounds that can occur in language |
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Phonemics |
the study of the sounds that create meaningful contrasts in a given language |
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Phoneme |
sound that functions to distinguish one word from another in a language.
Each language has a distinct set of phonemes. |
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Allophones |
Sounds which are phonetically different Ex: · Skit (soft /k/) vs kit (hard /k/) |
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Minimal pair |
Pair of words that vary ONLY by ONE phoneme in the same position in the word Ex:Bin/pin/tin/din |
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Suprasegmental features |
Pitch, Tone, Length |
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Morphology |
is the study of the smallest units of meaning in a language, and how these units are put together to make words.
un/break/able
free morphemes can stand on their own as words
bound morphemes cannot; must be attached to another word |
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Syntax |
refers to the ways words are structured into phrases and sentences
SOV/SVO/VSO
The dog bit the man vs. The man bit the dog. |
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Paralanguage |
voice cues that contribute to meaning, but are not words (e.g. loudness, pitch, voice quality) |
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Proxemics |
study of how people perceive and use space in communicative interactions |
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Kinesics |
study of body movements, facial expressions and gestures |
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Icon |
The sign-vehicle is related to its object on the grounds of similarity "is like" |
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Index |
The sign-vehicle is related to its object on the grounds of spatio-temporal contiguity
While indexes can vary widely cross culturally, the fundamental relation of co-occurrence is what makes them indexical |
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Symbol |
The sign-vehicle is related to its object by means of an arbitrary, social rule |
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Social indexicality |
makes use of linguistic forms (including choice of language and the use of particular phonological features, lexical choices, conversational strategies, etc within a language) a vital way in which people perform their multiple identities |
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Language ideologies |
Beliefs about language are rarely just about language(s), but are about also about the perceived qualities of speakers associated with those language(s). |
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Personalism |
· Illocutionary force defines speech act |
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Monoglot standard (Silverstein 1996) |
If there are two variants, only one is correct Ways of speaking can be ranked according to prestige |
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Presupposing |
Reflection of a situation |
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creative indexes |
Bringing about a situation |
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Irvine and Gal’s semiotic processes |
Fractal Recursivity: Oppositions at one level projected onto another
Erasure: selective attention to some aspects, overlooking others
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Jakobson’s speech functions |
Phatic-focus of the speech is on channel Poetic-focus on message form Referential-focus is on that which is signified in the context Metalinguistic-focus on code Connative-effect on addressee Emotive-connection to speaker motivation |
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Speech Acts (Austin 1962, Searle 1969) |
locutionary act: what is said
illocutionary force: the act that can be accomplished by saying it
perlocutionary force: consequences of the locutionary act |
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Felicity conditions |
Not everyone can preform every speech act
I.E. marriage, curses etc...
Condition 1: There must be a conventional procedure; The circumstances and the persons must be appropriate. Condition 2: The procedure must be completely and correctly executed. |
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Sincerity conditions (Searle) |
A speaker must feel the necessary feelings to congratulate, apologize, promise, etc |
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locutionary act |
performance of an utterance |
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Linguistic relativity |
structure of a language affects the ways in which its respective speakers conceptualize their world, i.e. their world view, or otherwise influences their cognitive processes frameworks: grammatical effects on thought, sociocultural context & speech acts |
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illocutionary force |
speaker's intention in producing that utterance |
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perlocutionary force |
what actually happens |
