Linguistic Anthro Test 2

Front 1

Parole

Back 1

principle method for establishing, maintaining, defining, and cueing social relations

knowledge of how to use a language

Front 2

Communicative Competence

Back 2

choice of words and types of structures, registers and styles utilized in certain situations (Pragmatics)

who says what to whom in conversational settings

Front 3

Anaphoric

Back 3

devices referring back to word or syntactic category

"Mary went to the store. She bought candy."

"She" is a reference back to "Mary"

Front 4

Cataphoric

Back 4

devices anticipating other unit

"Although he might deny it, Matthew is..."

"He" comes before "Matthew"

Front 5

Gambit

Back 5

open, sustain, repair (anomaly within), and maximize economy of sentence

- Hedges, Tags, Openings, Repairs

Front 6

Hedges

Back 6

listening cues
"um, yeah, mm-hm, uh-huh"

Front 7

Tagging

Back 7

strategy to seek approval agreement, or consent, not an answer

"It does not seem fair, you know?"

Front 8

Opening

Back 8

starting a conversation, taking a turn, or entering into a conversation

"May I?"

Front 9

Repair

Back 9

allows speakers to solve things not explained properly

"Sorry," "I meant"

Front 10

Speech Act

Back 10

Utterance aiming to bring about, modify, curtail, or inhibit some real action

"Be careful!" = putting your hand in front of someone to block them

Front 11

Locutionary

Back 11

act itself of saying something

She said "You can't go out tonight. It's my birthday."

Front 12

Illocutionary

Back 12

utterance indicating speaker's purpose in saying something (asking/answering questions, giving info, assurance, identifying)

She protested against what I said.

- Representatives
- Directives
- Commissives
- Expressives
- Declarations

Front 13

Representatives

Back 13

committing speaker to something--stating, concluding, representing, deducing

Front 14

Directives

Back 14

attempts by speaker to get an interlocutor to act: command, offer, invite, ask, request, beg, permit, dare, challenge

Front 15

Commissives

Back 15

committing speaker to future course of action: promise, pledge, threaten

Front 16

Expressives

Back 16

revealing speaker's psychological state to something: thank congratulate, apologize, condole deplore, welome

Front 17

Declarations

Back 17

connecting propositional content to reality: appoint, resign, nominate, pronounce

Front 18

Perlocutionary

Back 18

Utterance producing sequential effects on feelings, thoughts or actions of interlocutors

"She stopped me, bringing me around."

Front 19

Phatic Function

Back 19

speakers refraining from absolute honesty in order to fulfill politeness/cooperation

Front 20

Discourse

Back 20

larger social frames of reference that play on social variables (class, gender, race, etc.)

Front 21

Mikhail M. Bakhtin

Back 21

first to use discourse as a term for the language used by social groups for social/ideological purposes

discourse context--physical space, shared knowledge system, and common ground

langue and parole are intertwined (contrary to Saussure and others)

Front 22

Dell Hymes

Back 22

8 basic variables for shaping langue-parole interface
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G

initiated term "communicative competence"

helped put spotlight on parole as dynamically linked with langue

Front 23

Dialect

Back 23

variant version of a language
often linked with identity

Front 24

Language-versus-dialect

Back 24

historically determined, not based on better/worse

Front 25

Mutual Intelligibility

Back 25

If 2 speakers are intelligible but face systematic differences = DIALECT

if 2 speakers are unintelligible = DIFFERENT LANGUAGES

problem: many levels of mutual intelligibility, what level are speech varieties no longer considered mutually intelligible?

Front 26

Dialect Atlas

Back 26

collection of maps depicting morphology of a word or phrase in relation to geographic position

Front 27

Georg Wenker

Back 27

pioneered dialect atlas

formed Sprachatlas des Deutschen Reichs for Germany

His methods are fundamental for dialect surveys today

Front 28

Jules Gillieron

Back 28

initiated on-site fieldwork questionnaires

Along with Edmond Edmont, compiled Atlas Linguistique de la France

Front 29

Pidgin

Back 29

rudimentary language making communication possible between 2 unrelated language groups

- African slaves & Aboriginal Americans

Front 30

Creole

Back 30

Second generation of pidgin language, more developed

Front 31

Diglossia

Back 31

language variation and correlation with social perceptions, identities, and distinctions

introduced by Charles Ferguson

high variants = formal communications
Low variants = ordinary conversation

Front 32

Sociolect

Back 32

variants which encode social difference

Front 33

Jargon

Back 33

terminology of educated, high-class

necessary for any skillset, knowledge, or professionalization

unlike lamen's terms, it is highly precise

i.e. Medical terminology

Front 34

Slang

Back 34

vocabulary involving friendliness, commonality, colloquialisms

common--comes together in particular periods of time and history i.e. youth slang of 60's

Argot--used by specific groups (like criminals) preventing outsiders from understanding. However, more comprehensible than "Cant"

Cant--

Front 35

Common Slang

Back 35

comes together in particular periods of time and history

i.e. youth slang of 60's

Front 36

Argot

Back 36

used by specific groups (like criminals) preventing outsiders from understanding

deviation from linguistic norm is minimal

Front 37

Cant

Back 37

used by gangs and other marginal groups (like prostitutes) less intelligibility to outsiders

less comprehensible
marked by highly specialized vocabulary

Front 38

Emotivity

Back 38

manifested in 4 ways

Tagging
Vocalism
Hesitancy
Profanity

Front 39

Vocalism

Back 39

highly charged expressions

"get outta here!"
"chill out, dude!"

Front 40

Hesitancy

Back 40

using fillers and hedges to sustain speaker's turn in convo whilst formulating thoughts ("uhmm" "like,")

Front 41

"Hip"

Back 41

John Leland argues black American culture responsible for "hip"

Front 42

Sketching

Back 42

colourful or graphic sketches of people and significant events

Front 43

Borrowing

Back 43

adoption of words from another language

Front 44

Necessary Loan

Back 44

loanword fills gap of borrowing language

typically nativized to borrowing language

Front 45

Luxury Loan

Back 45

borrowed due to social influence

loanword usually retains original morphology

Front 46

Calque

Back 46

phrases translated literally

Front 47

Harvey Sacks

Back 47

- studied recorded telephone calls
- pondered the use of utterances as devices to accomplish things in interaction
-critical relationship between activity utterance performs and position in interaction

i.e. callers to LA suicide prevention faking inaudibility in order to skip introduction

Front 48

J.L Austin

Back 48

focused on instances of specific types of sentences

- Constative Utterances

- Performative Utterances

Front 49

Constative Utterance

Back 49

report some aspect of the world

Front 50

Performative Utterance

Back 50

performs a specific action

"I suggest you to open the window"

Front 51

CA methodology

Back 51

audio recording transcription --> detailed thoroughly but hassle

Front 52

Gail Jefferson

Back 52

devised a system of transcribing, using symbols available on conventional typewriter and keyboards

captures simultaneous speech and timing of gaps
measures emphasis, volume, and speed