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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theoretical Linguistics
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Focuses on underlying structures and features to understand the nature of human language. Not interested in cultural or social contexts, focused on "ideal" language use. Often collect data out of context (e.g. asking a native speaker if a certain sentence structure feels right.)
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Morpheme
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Smallest units of meaning in a language. Part of a word that has a consistent meaning or function. 2 Types: Bases and affixes. Bases=foundation of word (eg. farm) Affixes=added to bases to make more words (e.g. er, ing)
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Free Morpheme
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Can stand on their own as words (e.g. help)
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Bound Morphemes
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Must be attached to another word. They can't stand alone (e.g. anti, ism, er)
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Etic View
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The view from the outside of a system (phonetic)
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Emic View
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View from the inside of a system (phonemic)
"This is how native speakers think of their language" |
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Phonemics
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(Phonology) analysis of the way sounds are arranged in language. Basic units are phonemes.
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Morphology
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The study of the smallest units of meaning in a language and how these units are put together to make words.
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Prefix
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A type of affix which precedes the base (e.g. anti, non)
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Suffix
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A type of affix which follows the base (e.g. ism, ing)
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Syntax
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Refers to the structure of sentences and the relationship of parts of sentences or clauses to one another. Our knowledge of structure allows us to make guesses as to meaning
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Semantics
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Study of word meanings and structure. (e.g. count nouns vs. mass nouns- 3 apples vs. 3 sugars)
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Phone
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Basic units of phonetics. Sounds of the phonetic chart placed in [square brackets] e.g [p]
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Word Order Typologies
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Languages vary in terms of the basic order of word types in a sentence (e.g. some use Subject, Object, Verb (SOV)-some use (SVO) some use (VSO))
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Phoneme
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Sounds that function to distinguish one word from another in a language (Overlapping distribution=different phonemes, Complementary distribution=same phonemes)
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Vowel
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Sound made with minimal constriction in airflow
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Consonant
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Sound made with audible constriction in airflow
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Manual Language
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Language in which the hands, upper body and face are used instead of the vocal tract to produce language
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Proxemics
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Type of nonverbal communication, which studies how people perceive and use space (e.g. sitting in a classroom, or how full is a full bus)
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Kinesics
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Study of body movements, facial expressions and gestures. Nonverbal communication (e.g. thumbs up or mimicking)
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Semantic Inversion
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A form of semantic shift where a word takes on the opposite meaning (e.g. nasty) Common in slang
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Blending
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Combining multiple words to make one word (smog, brunch, blog)
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Clipping
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Chopping down words (fridge, cell, nuke)
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Coinage
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Making up new words (from nowhere)-viagra, byte
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Borrowing
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Two main types are Lexical borrowing and Structural borrowing. Lexical borrowing is the adoption of loan words from other languages (English: Taco, kimono saurkraut). Structural borrowing has 3 types: syntactic (word order), phonological (rouge, yech), morphological ("er" suffix from latin -arius)
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Vowel
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Sound made with minimal constriction in airflow
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Consonant
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Sound made with audible constriction in airflow
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Semantic Inversion
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To turn it over, a complete reversal of the meaning of a word (e.g. nasty)
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Blending
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Putting multiple words together to form one word (e.g. smog, brunch)
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Clipping
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Chopping down words (e.g. fridge, cell)
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Coinage
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Making up words from nowhere (e.g. viagra, byte)
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Borrowing
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2 Types:
Lexical Borrowing: The adoption of loanwords from other languages (e.g. taco, kimono) Structural Borrowing: includes 3 subgroups, Phonological (rouge, yech), Morphological ("er" suffix from latin -arius), and Syntacic Borrowing (word order, "You want I should choke?" |
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Lateralization
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Each hemisphere of the brain is oriented towards key tasks, the left hemisphere does a lot of language work (Wernicke's are and Brocas area) while the right hemisphere is more visual and spatial
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Pidgin
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A language that has developed out of two unrelated languages. A pidgin is a trade “language” – actually it is grammatically simpler in form than a true language and does not have full elaboration of function. (e.g. African languages formed during European colonization)
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Creole
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When a highly elaborated pidgin (one with that can serve all the communication needs of its speakers) reaches the point where children are learning it as their first language, it has become a creole (e.g. Tok Pisin in Papa New Guinea)
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Acronym
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Words by taking the initial letter of each word in a sentence and spelling a word with them (e.g. AWOL, DVD)
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Neologisms
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New terms that enter languages (new neologisms=dank)
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Semantic Shift
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Changing the Meaning of a word (several types)
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Semantic Degredation
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When a word acquires a more derogatory meaning over time (e.g. Lust)
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Semantic Elevation
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When a word becomes grander over time (e.g. squire)
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Semantic Extension
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Expanding the meaning of a wors (e.g. Broadcast-used to mean tossing seeds, now it is tied more to technology)
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Semantic Reduction
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Reducing the meaning of a word from a general term to more specific (e.g. girl, used to just mean young person)
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Protolanguage
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An ancient language from which other languages of a given family or group are descended
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Historical Linguistics
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The study of how languages change and develop over time, and how languages are related to each other.
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Official Language of Belize
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English (creole)
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