Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
processes of language that affect speech sounds/pronunciation
|
phonetic change
|
|
|
the study of speech sounds
|
phonetics
|
|
|
processes of language change that alters the number or distribution of phonemes in a language
|
phonological change
|
|
|
the study of the organization of language sounds
|
phonology
|
|
|
the smallest unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances. It is a group of sounds which are all perceived to have the same function by speakers of the dialect
|
phoneme
|
|
|
the 2 best understood types of change
|
phonetic and phonological change
|
|
|
the study of the make-up of words
|
morphology
|
|
|
studies patterns of word-formation within and across languages, and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages, how the means of expression change over time
|
morphological change
|
|
|
change in the meaning of words in a language
|
semantic change
|
|
|
the study of meaning
|
semantics
|
|
|
the study of how phrases change. can be the result of language contact or internal motivations.
|
syntactic change
|
|
|
the least understood linguistic change
|
syntactic change
|
|
|
the study of how phrases and sentences larger than the word are constructed
|
syntax
|
|
|
goals of historical linguistics
|
to understand language change in general; to understand the kinds of changes that words have undergone and the techniques or methods we have at our disposal to recover this history.
|
|
|
the study of the true or original meaning of a word
|
etymology
|
|
|
the study of the history of a single language
|
philology
|
|
|
concerned with change in language or languages OVER TIME
|
diachronic linguistics
|
|
|
deals with a language at a single point in time
|
synchronic linguistics
|
|
|
when one dialect/language takes loanwords from another dialect/language. this is an external cause of language change
|
borrowing
|
|
|
languages in contact may share linguistic material (sounds, word, idioms, syntactic structure) between them. This is an external cause of language change.
|
diffusion
|
|
|
change that recurs generally and takes place uniformly wherever the phonetic circumstances in which the change happens are encountered
|
regular sound change
|
|
|
occur irregularly, not clearly conditioned by phonetic factors. They are changes that were not applied to all possible phonetic instances of a sound in a certain phonetic environment.
|
sporadic sound change
|
|
|
one sound becomes more similar to another. Change is brought about by the influence of a neighboring sound
|
assimilation
|
|
|
sound becomes identical to another by taking all its phonetic features
|
total assimilation
|
|
|
assimilating sound acquires some traits of another
|
partial assimilation
|
|
|
sound that undergoes the change comes earlier in the word than the conditioning environment
|
regressive assimilation
|
|
|
the sound that undergoes the change comes later in the word than the conditioning environment
|
progressive assimilation
|
|
|
nasals change to agree with the point of articulation of following stops (np>mp; mt>nt; nk>ngk)
|
nasal assimilation
|
|
|
sounds become voiced between vowels
|
intervocalic voicing
|
|
|
change in which s (or z) becomes r; usually takes place between vowels or glides (VsV>VrV)
|
rhotacism
|
|
|
this is distant assimilation—a sound change in which a back vowel is fronted when followed by a front vowel (or [j]).
|
umlaut
|
|
|
vowels become nasalized in the environment of nasal consonants
|
nasalization
|
|
|
devoicing of word-final stops or obstruents (sometimes sonorants or vowels)
|
final devoicing
|
|
|
k>tS; t>tS; s>S
|
palatalization
|
|
|
change in which sounds become less similar to one another. usually sporadic, non-adjacent. common with [l] and [r] in many languages. common with nasal sounds
|
dissimilation
|
|
|
famous sound change in Indo-European linguistics. A case of regular dissimlation in Greek and Sanskrit where in roots with 2 aspirated stops the first dissimilates to an unaspirated stop
|
grassman's law
|
|
|
sound change in many East African Bantu languages in which 2 voiceless consonants in a word dissimilate so the first becomes voiced
|
dahl's law
|
|
|
change in which a repeated sequence of sounds is simplified to a single occurrence
• Tatasa>tasa |
haplology
|
|
|
deletion of a vowel from the interior of a word
• Atata>atta |
syncope
|
|
|
the deletion of a sound, usually a vowel, at the end of a word
• Tata>tat |
apocope
|
|
|
changes which delete the initial sound (usually a vowel) of a word
• Atata>tata |
aphaeresis
|
|
|
pp>p; tt>t; kk>k
|
degemination
|
|
|
a former dipthong changes into a single vowel
|
monopthongization
|
|
|
a vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves toward the position for another)
|
dipthong
|
|
|
inserts a sound into a word
|
insertion/epethesis/addition
|
|
|
a consonant is inserted between other consonants—phonetic
|
excrescense
|
|
|
a sound is inserted at the beginning of a word
• Tata>atata |
prothesis
|
|
|
An extra vowel is inserted between 2 consonants
• Vccv>vcvcv |
anaptyxis
|
|
|
adds a sound (usually a vowel) to the end of a word
• Tat>tata |
paragoge
|
|
|
the dipthongization of a short vowel inparticular contexts
|
dipthongization/bowel breaking
|
|
|
the transposition of sounds
• Asta>atsa; asata>atasa • Happens often with “r” and “l” in languages |
metathesis
|
|
|
adds to or deletes from the number of phonemes (basic sounds) of a language.
|
phonemic change
|
|
|
changes in which 2 sounds merge into one, leaving fewer distinct sounds (phonemes) in the phonological inventory than there were before
|
merger
|
|
|
the sounds in question do not change, but the other sounds in their environment merge and cause the phonemic status of the sounds to change from being predictable/conditioned to being unpredictable/distinctive
|
split
|
|
|
doesn’t alter the total number of phonemes in a language
|
non-phonemic/allophonic/phonetic change
|
|
|
2 noncontrastive variants of one phonetic form (the [k] in kill and skill)
|
allophones
|
|
|
occurs in a specific environment, regularly, but not elsewhere. When a sound change takes place only in certain contexts (dependent on neighboring sounds, sounds position within words, etc).
|
conditioned change
|
|
|
when a sound change occurs generally and is not dependent on the phonetic context in which it occurs (not dependent on neighboring sounds/environment)
|
unconditioned change
|
|
|
change in which an original single vowel changes to a sequence of 2 vowel segments which together occupy the nucleus of a single syllable [i]>[ai]; [u]>[au]
|
dipthongization
|
|
|
a former dipthong changes into a single vowel
|
monopthongization
|
|
|
changes in which low vowels change to mid (or high) vowels
|
vowel raising
|
|
|
high vowels become mid or low vowels, or mid vowels become low
|
vowel lowering
|
|
|
vowels become nasalized in the environment of nasal consonants
|
nasalization
|
|
|
resulting sound is somehow weaker in articulation than original sound
|
lenition (weakening)
|
|
|
resulting sound is stronger in articulation than original sound
|
strengthening
|
|
|
the doubling of consonants (t>tt)
|
gemination
|
|
|
pp>p, tt>t, kk>k
|
degemination
|
|
|
a sound, usually a stop, sometimes a fricative, becomes an affricate
|
affrication
|
|
|
a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as `ch' in `chair' and `j' in `joy'
|
affricate
|
|
|
an affricate or a stop is weakened to become a fricative
|
spirantization/fricativization
|
|
|
affricate becomes a fricative
|
deaffrication
|
|
|
sound is lengthened (usually a vowel)
|
lengthening
|
|
|
sound is shortened
|
shortening
|
|
|
interconnected sound changes that appear to be connected and dependent on each other
|
chain shift
|
|
|
one change creates a hole in the phonemic pattern, and another change fills in the hole
|
pull chain
|
|
|
sound moves away from the encroaching change to maintain distinctions important to meaning
|
push chain
|
|
|
which is more frequent: pull chain or push chain?
|
pull chain (ex: great vowel shift
|
|
|
important set of sound changes in historical linguistics. involved in the history of the comparative method and the regularity hypothesis. voiceless stops>voiceless fricatives; voiced stops>voiceless stops; voiced aspirated stops>plain voiced stops
|
Grimm's Law
|
|
|
english had many interrelated vowel changes in which long vowels systematically raised, and the highest long vowels dipthongized
|
the english great vowel shift
|
|
|
the law that voiceless stops and fricatives in a root became voiced after unaccented voiced segments
|
verner's law
|
|
|
the principle that sound laws suffer no exceptions
|
the neogrammarian hypothesis aka the regularity principle
|
|
|
languages that descend from a single original language called a protolanguage are what?
|
genetically related
|
|
|
reconstructed sounds
|
protowords
|
|
|
the once spoken ancestral language from which daughter languages descend
|
proto-language
|
|
|
languages which are related by having descended from common ancestor (belong to same family)
|
sister languages
|
|
|
word/morpheme which is related to a word/morpheme in sister language by having been inherited by these sister languages from a common word/morpheme of the protolanguage from which these sister languages descend
|
cognate
|
|
|
set of cognates
|
cognate set
|
|
|
the method that compares cognates to reconstruct ancestral form
|
comparative method
|
|
|
set of cognate sounds that are assumed to recur in various cognate sets
|
sound correspondence
|
|
|
the desendent in a daughter language is a ___________ of the original sound of the protolanguage
|
reflex
|
|
|
the mutually exclusive relationship between two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in an environment where the other segment never occurs.
|
complementary distribution
|
|
|
are in complementary distribution
|
allosets
|
|
|
some sound changes that recur in languages go in one direction (A>B) but not in the reverse (B>A)
|
Directionality
|
|
|
it is more likely that one language would have undergone a sound change than that several languages would independently have undergone the sound change
|
Majority-Wins Principle
|
|
|
the criterion that when multiple alternatives are available, the one with the fewest independent changes most likely is correct
|
Economy
|
|
|
rule of thumb to see whether individual sounds postulated fit the overall phonological pattern of protolanguage
|
phonological fit
|
|
|
see whether the reconstructed pattern is consistent with linguistic universals and typological expectations
|
typological fit
|
|
|
minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units
|
morpheme
|
|
|
what are the 4 basic assumptions of the comparative method?
|
1. the protolanguage was uniform, with no dialect variation
2. language splits are sudden 3. after the split-up of the protolanguage, there is no subsequent contact among the related languages 4. sound change is regular |
|
|
words come together not because of inheritance but because of contact between cultures
|
diffusion
|
|
|
stages in between sound changes. for example, when f>h, the is probably a stage in between for f to become voiced, so it is f>v>h
|
intermediate stages
|
|
|
speech sounds produced by forcing air through a constricted passage (as `f', `s', `z', or `th' in both `thin' and `then')
|
fricatives
|
