Ling 200 Exam 1

Front 1

distinctive features

Back 1

enable us to desribe the segments in the world's language, and to refer to those groups of segments that play a role in their characteristic phonological processes and constraints

Front 2

natural segment classes

Back 2

groups of segments that are treated as groups by languages

Front 3

univalent features

Back 3

features that are either present or absent in the representation of segments (ex: labial)

Front 4

binary features

Back 4

features that are present with a minus value or a plus value (ex: +/- voice)

Front 5

true

Back 5

true or false: segments in nautral segment classes are phonetically similar

Front 6

1. they should be capable of characterizing natural segment classes.
2. they should be capable of describing all segmental contrasts in the world's languages.
3. they should be definable in phonetic terms.

Back 6

what are the 3 requirements of a distinctive feature system?

Front 7

natural classes

Back 7

both the group of segments that has the minus value and the group that has the plus value in binary features form ___________ ____________.

Front 8

major-class features

Back 8

classify segments into segment types like "vowel" and "obstruent"

Front 9

laryngeal features

Back 9

specify the glottal properties of the segment

Front 10

manner features

Back 10

specify the type of constriction, or more generally the manner of articulation

Front 11

place features

Back 11

encode the place of articulation

Front 12

[+-consonantal], [+-sonorant], and [+-approximant]

Back 12

what are the three major-class features?

Front 13

[+cons]

Back 13

segments with constriction somewhere along the centre line in the vocal tract (plosives, affricates, fricatives, nasals, laterals, [r]

Front 14

[-cons]

Back 14

segments that lack a constriction in the center line of vocal tract (vowels, glides, glottal stop, [h]

Front 15

[+son]

Back 15

segments produced with a constriction in the vocal tract which allow sthe air pressure behind it and in front of it to be relatively equal (vowels, glides, liquids, nasals)

Front 16

[-son]

Back 16

segments with an oral constriction with increases air pressure (plosives, fricatives, affricates, laryngeal segments)

Front 17

[+approx]

Back 17

segments which have a constriction in the vocal tract which allows a free (frictionless) escape of air (vowels, non-nasal sonorants such as l)

Front 18

[-approx]

Back 18

segments without frictionless escape of air

Front 19

[+voice]

Back 19

segments for which the vocal cords are close enough together to allow vibration (vowels, sonorant consonants, voiced obstruents)

Front 20

[-voice]

Back 20

segments without vibration of vocal cords (voiceless obstruents)

Front 21

[+spread glottis] aka [+spread]

Back 21

segments with vocal cord that produces audible friciton in the glottis (aspirated segments, [h])

Front 22

[-spread]

Back 22

segments without audible friction in the glottis

Front 23

[+constricted glottis] aka [+constr]

Back 23

segments with tense vocal cords that are drawn together (gottal stop, laryngealized vowels, laryngealized sonorant consonants, glottalized obstruents, impolosives)

Front 24

[-constr]

Back 24

segments without tense and drawn together vocal cords

Front 25

[+cont]

Back 25

segments that lack a central occlusion in the vocal tract

Front 26

[-cont]

Back 26

segments that have a central occlusion in the vocal tract (plosives, nasal consonants, affricates, laterals)

Front 27

[+nasal]

Back 27

segments produced with the velum (soft palate) lowered

Front 28

[-nasal]

Back 28

segments with the velum in its closed (raised) position

Front 29

[+strident]

Back 29

relevant for obstruents only: segments that cause a noisier kind of friction than the opposite binary type (f, s, 'sh')

Front 30

[-strident]

Back 30

segments that cause a less noisy kind of friction than the opposite binary type ('th')

Front 31

sbilants

Back 31

what class of sounds is [coronal] and [+strident}?

Front 32

[+lateral] aka [+lat]

Back 32

segments that have a central tongue contact in the oral cavity with one or both sides of the tongue being held away from teh roof of the mouth, allowing air to escape there (l)

Front 33

[-lat]

Back 33

segments that are not laterals

Front 34

progressive devoicing

Back 34

devoices fricatives after obstruents

Front 35

[+-voice], [+-spread], [+-constr]

Back 35

what are the three laryngeal features?

Front 36

[+-cont], [+-nasal], [+-strident], [+-lat]

Back 36

what are the four manner features?

Front 37

[labial], [coronal], [dorsal], [radical]

Back 37

what are the four place features (univalent)?

Front 38

[+-round]

Back 38

binary features used to specify labial features?

Front 39

[+round]

Back 39

labial segments that have lips rounded

Front 40

[-round]

Back 40

labial segments that don't have lips rounded

Front 41

[+-coronal], [+-distributed]

Back 41

binary features used to specify coronal features?

Front 42

[+ant]

Back 42

coronal features in which the crown of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge or somewhere further forward (t, s, th)

Front 43

[-ant]

Back 43

coronal features in which the crown of the tongue articulates with a point behind the alveolar ridge (sh)

Front 44

[+distr]

Back 44

coronal features that are produced with a constriction that extends for a great distance along the vocal tract (sh, ch)

Front 45

[-distr]

Back 45

coronal features that are not produced with constriction that extends for great distance along vocal tract (t, d, n, s, z)

Front 46

apical

Back 46

consonants produced with only the tip of the tongue

Front 47

laminal

Back 47

blade-articulated consonants

Front 48

dorsal

Back 48

sounds articulated with a bunched dorsum (k, g, ng, q)

Front 49

[+-high], [+-low], [+-back], and [+-tense]

Back 49

what are the four binary features used to describe dorsal features

Front 50

[+high]

Back 50

dorsal segments that raise the dorsum to a position close to the roof of the mouth (i, y, u)

Front 51

[+low]

Back 51

dorsal segment that have a bunched dorsum low in the mouth (a)

Front 52

[-low]

Back 52

dorsal segments that have the bunched dorsum not low in the mouth

Front 53

[+back]

Back 53

dorsal segments that have the bunch of the tongue in the center of the mouth or further back (velar and uvular consonants, u, o)

Front 54

[-back]

Back 54

dorsal segments that have the bunch of the tongue in the front of the mouth

Front 55

[-high]

Back 55

dorsal segments that have the dorsum not raised to a position close to the roof of the mouth (e, o, a)

Front 56

[+tense]

Back 56

dorsal segments that are produced with a more peripheral and somewhat closer tongue position (I)

Front 57

[-tense]

Back 57

dorsal segments that are produced with less peripheral and farther away tongue position (i, u)

Front 58

[radical] aka pharyngeal

Back 58

sounds articulated with the root of the tongue

Front 59

underspecification theory

Back 59

large body of work devoted to the question of whether redundant features should be included in teh underlying representation of morphemes and if not, when they should be supplied

Front 60

+

Back 60

represents a morpheme boundary?

Front 61

#

Back 61

represents a word boundary?

Front 62

focus

Back 62

information to the left of the arrow in phonetic rule

Front 63

structural change (SC)

Back 63

information between the arrow and the slash in the phonetic rule

Front 64

structural description (SD)

Back 64

the focus plus the context in the phonetic rule

Front 65

context

Back 65

information to the right of the slash in a phonetic rule

Front 66

rule is applied vacuously

Back 66

structural description is satisfied, but application of the rule does not bring about a difference

Front 67

brace

Back 67

used to indicate "either...or"

Front 68

parenthesis notation

Back 68

used to include optional elements in rules

Front 69

simultaneous rule ordering

Back 69

rule applies at the same time as the underlying representation. any rule always scans the underlying representation to see if its structural description was met, and if it was, the change is made