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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perscriptive Grammar
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Rules that tell people how they SHOULD speak/write
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Descriptive Grammar
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Rules describing how a language is ACTUALLY spoken by native speakers
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Native Speaker
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a person who grew up speaking a certain language from early childhood on.
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Grammaticality
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if a sentence sounds natural to a native speaker, it is grammatical, otherwise it is ungrammatical
judged by native speakers |
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Conscious Knowledge
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Knowledge where one would be able to articulate the rules
Ex) Playing chess; how to get to the bus station from your house; history of the U.S. |
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Tacit Knowledge
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Knowledge of a set of rules that we cannot fully spell out, even upon reflection.
Ex) Knowing what is/isn't grammatical; Something inappropriate; how to walk |
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Competence
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What you know about your language
(rules of the language) |
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Performance
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How you speak
(performing the language) |
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Judgements of Grammaticality
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Intuitions about well-formedness of possible expressions in their language.
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Judgements of Ambiguity
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Intuitions that an expression has more than one meaning (ambiguous=more than 1 meaning)
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Nativism
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Knowledge is part of our innate endowment
It is already 'built' in at the time of birth |
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Empiricism
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Knowledge comes from experience
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Rationalism
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Not derived from experience
endowed by God with a rational soul; distinct entity with innate concepts |
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Tabula Rasa
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"Blank Slate"
All knowledge comes from experience Our senses are the initial source of all ideas /concepts |
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Arbitrary
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No direct relationship between form and meaning
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Simplified Speech
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Parents adjusting their speech for children
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Recursion
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When a linguistic unit (sentence) and contain a smaller linguistic unit of the same kind.
Ex) Sue said Bill thinks its raining. _________ __________ __________ |
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Nominal Compounds
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a noun made up of two nouns
Ex) Dog + house = Doghouse or Student Film-Series VS Student-Film Series |
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Words
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Smallest parts that syntax can manipulate
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Morphemes
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Smallest meaning-bearing elements in a language
Ex) Reclassify: re- class -ify Repainters: re- paint -er -s Ready: ready |
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Root
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The base of a word, to which affixes are added
Ex) Demagnetizes de- magnet -ize -s MAGNET is the root |
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Stem
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the form to which an affix is added
Ex) read --> reread --> rereader |
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Affix
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a general term for morphemes attached to a root or a stem
Ex) Prefix (before); Suffix (after); Infix (inside, ex: abso-freakin'-lutely); Circumfix (at both ends of a word) |
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Free Morpheme
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can occur as independent words all by themselves
ex) cat, pizza |
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Bound Morpheme
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Cannot stand alone; must be attached
Includes affixes (un- pre- -ly -ness) and Bound Roots: ceive: conceive, receive etc... sist: consist, resist, desist, etc... |
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Derivational Affix
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When added to a word, it makes/derives a new word with a new meaning, sometimes changing the part of speech
Ex) Use (verb) + -able (affix) = useable (adj) or un- (affix) + happy (adj) = unhappy (adj) |
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Inflectional Affix
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Affixes which never change the basic meaning of a word and are indicative/characteristic of the part of speech.
Ex) He walks, He walked, he is walking Cats, Cat's meow she is older, she is oldest |
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Content Morpheme
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Have some kind of identifiable meaning
(Almost always derivational affixes) Ex) House, pizza, smurf re- play = replay |
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Function Morpheme
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Provide info about grammatical function by relating words of a sentence
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Acronyms
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Abbreviations, but pronounced by words
Ex) Laser Tribeca Evil |
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Blending
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Parts of 2 different words are combined
Ex) Breakfast + lunch = Brunch Smoke + fog = fog |
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Morpheme Internal Changes
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Words which change one internal morpheme, but doesn't change meaning (inflectional)
Ex) Sing/Sang/Sung Ring/Rang/Rung Man/Men |
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Suppletion
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"irregular" relations between words
Ex) am - is good - better go - went |
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Reduplication
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Word/part of a word that is reduplicated to create a distinct meaning (not common in English)
Ex) in Motu Language: mahuta = to sleep mahutamahuta = to sleep constantly |
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Syntax
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Studying linguistic rules governing the hierarchal arrangement of words and other morphemes in a sentence
Why does order matter, who do we think there are rules, novelty, recursivity |
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Novelty
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(Nonsense)
Hold the newsreader's nose squarely waiter or friendly milk will countermand my trousers ;) |
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Structurally Ambiguous
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More than one way to group a sentence into constituents.
Ex) The dog ate my hw |
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Constituents
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A group of words that belong together, possibly to the exclusion of other words in a sentence
Ex) [[Old men] and women] VS [Old [men and women]] |
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Tests for Constituents
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-Stand alone answer to a question
-Clefting: can words be displaced to the left as a unit and surrounded by "I is/was" and "that" -Replacement/Substitution: can you substitute the constituent as a whole with a proform/pronoun |
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Transitive Verb (TV)
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Need an object as a complement in a sentence
Ex) Brush teeth, thank your parents |
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Ditransitive Verb (DTV)
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Require 2 objects as complements in a sentence
Ex) Mary gave the book to John _____ _____ |
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Sentential Complement Verb (SV)
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John said it rained today
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Intransitive Verb (VP)
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need no complements
Ex) Sleep, run, sneezes |
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Phonetics
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Branch of Linguistics studying human speech sounds
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IPA
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International Phonetic Alphabet
Notation of sounds Ex) ghoti = fish Sounds are enclosed in brackets [gh] [o] [ti] |
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Acoustic Phonetics
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Where the sounds are waves traveling through matter
Physical properties of speech sounds |
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Auditory Phonetics
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How the brain processes sounds of acoustic phonetics
Perception of speech sounds |
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Articulatory Phonetics
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How to produce these speech sounds
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Pulmonic/Non-pulmonic sounds
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Pulmomnic=lungs
requires airflow source Nonpulmonic don't require airflow |
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Classification of Consonants
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Voicing
Place of articulation Manner of articulation |
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Classification of Vowels
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Tongue height
Tongue Backness lip roundedness tense/lax |
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Monophthongs
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one sound produced in one place
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diphthongs
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one sound moves fluidly between two places
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Sound Substitution
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Sounds that exist in a language a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that don't exist in that language when pronouncing words of the foreign language
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Consonant cluster
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grouping of consonants
CCCCCCC |
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phoneme
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sound's representation in our brains
enclosed in slashes /n/ |
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minimal pair
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words that are identical except for ONE sound
Ex) talk walk shoe poo |
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Assimilation
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A sound becomes more like neighboring sounds/gestures with respect to some phonetic property
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Deletion
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eliminates a sound present at the phonemic level
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Strengthening
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Sounds become strong
Ex) Aspiration: voiceless stops become aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable |
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Weakening
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Sounds become weaker
Ex) Flapping: When an alveolar stop is realized as [r] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before and unstressed vowel latter vs ladder |
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Semantics
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intuitions about syntactic, morphological, and phonological systems
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Sense
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Mental representation of a meaning of an expression
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Reference
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What the expression picks out in the world
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Hyponym
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X is a Hyponym of Y iff the set that is the reference of X is included in the set that is the reference of Y
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Entailment
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A entails B iff A is true, B is also true
Not defeasible |
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Principle of Compositionality
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Meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of the words it contains and how those words are syntactically combined
Ex) "John likes Bill" is NOT the same as "Bill likes John" (at least in English) |
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Pragmatics
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Separating literal meaning of a sentence from how it is used in context
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Implicature
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A implicates B iff B is an inference of A, usually made on the basis of the Maxims of Conversation
Often the intended meaning of a sentence, NOT entailed by what is said, but by what is inferred They are also defeasible |
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Maxims of Conversation
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Quality
Relevance Quantity Manner |
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Presupposition
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if A entails B, B survives in A
Ex) a: The ling 1 professor has a funny affect. b: Some professor teaches ling 1. a' Does the ling 1 professor have a funny accent? |
