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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stages of language acquisition
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Babbling
One word (Holophrastic) Two Word Telegraphic Late multiword |
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Consonant Cluster Reduction
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reduce number of consinants
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Prevocalic voicing
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voiceless -> voiced before vowels
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Stopping
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Fricative to Stop
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Harmony (Assimilation)
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Maintain same articulatory place
doggy -> goggy |
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Fronting
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Substitution
Fronting of vowels |
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Gliding
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Substitution
[l] and [r] replaced with [y] and [w] really -> weally lame -> yame |
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Densalization
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Substitution
replacement of nasal stop with a non-nasal counterpart spoon -> spud |
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Overextension
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All cars are chevies
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Blends
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two words fused into one
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Substitution
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mis-selection of words:
I stab my finger (toe) |
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Word exchanges
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the mess in my class is a hot girl
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Anticipations
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Reading list -> leading list
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Preservaration
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black box -> black blocks
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Sound exchanges (spoonerisms)
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I saw you light the fire -> I saw you fight the liar
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SLI
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specific to lack of bound morpheme or inflectional morphology. usually not found in just phonological errors
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Lexeme
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Abstract unit of morphological analysis
All forms are the same lexeme: run, running, ran, runs |
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Marked vs Unmarked
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Unmarked is the typical member
Marked is the atypical member |
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Synonymy
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sameness
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Atonyms
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opposite
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Gradable Antonym
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on a spectrum, can be compared:
dark, light |
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Complementary Antonym
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expresses absolute opposites
perfect, imperfect |
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Reversive antonym
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express the opposite processes
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Converses
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characterize reciprocal relationship between objects and people (peanut better and jelly)
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Taxonomies
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Classification systems.
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Hyponymy
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Inheritance.
A relationship of inclusion |
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Hypernym
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Animal is a hypernym of bird and fish
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Hyponym
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Opposite of hypernym, apple is hyponym of fruit
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Meronymy
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Part - Whole relationship
Elbow is a meronym of an arm |
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Holonym
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Arm is a holonym of elbow, hand etc
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Lexical processing model
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serial autonomous and parallel: SAM can account for all the words that a parallel model accounts for
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SAM
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decision take in sequence.
Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic, pragmatic |
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Parallel interactive model
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decisions happen at once. usually takes in the meaning of the words and not just the sound
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Lateralization
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functional specialization
Left: grammar, vocab, literal meaning Right: Information, pragmatic |
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Specific language impairment
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language never acquired in a normal way
individual have norma l non-verbal IQ Problem with morphology (-ing), can be rule specific. EG. the ambulance arrive yestereday. EG. YOu got a tape recorders |
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Broca's Aphasia
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Problem with speech production, telegraphic speech
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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problem with speech comprehension. Typically normal speech rate
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Grimm's Law
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Linition (Decreasing blockage, increasing air flow):
p > f (paternal, father) t > th (trey, third) k > x > h (canine, hound) d > t (december, ten) |
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Great Vowel Shift
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1) High vowels become dipthongs:
i -> ai, u -> au 2) Mid vowels raise to high vowels e -> i, o -> u 3) a -> ae -> e 4) [open O] -> [o] |
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Causes for Sound Change
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Ease of articulation
Perceptibility |
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Consonant Changes
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Assimilation - make sounds more similar: greasy
Dissimilation - sounds become different: et cetera Flapping - plosive to flap: butter Fortition - increasing blockage Linition - decreasing blockage |
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Vowel Changes
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Merger: different words have same sound: mary, merry, mery
Split: same word have different sound: can Deletion: historic - "istoric" Metathesis: Ask -> [ae k s] Epenthesis: adding sounds to word: Nuclear -> Nucular |
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Audience Design Model
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Speech based on listners
SAT: Speech accomodation theory |
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SAT:
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convergence: pick up slangs friends use
divergence: use different language on purpose |
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Audience
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Direct addressee: 2nd person, lead to greatest adjustment
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Auditors
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allowed to participate, but not addressed
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overhearers
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non-ratified, but speaker aware of presence
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eavesdropper
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non-ratified, presence unknown
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Initiative Style Shift
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shift style resulting from speaker shifting focus to an absent person or persons
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Speaker Design Model
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style shift viewed as means of projecting one's identity. this can change between conversations.
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Isogloss
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line dividing 2 areas that differ by the use of a single linguistic feature. eg. pop v soda
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Dialect boundary
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the result of a convergence of multiple linguistic feature along a dividing line
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transitional zone
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an area that shows mixed use of variants between 2 or more dialects
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Founder effect
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imprint of language structures brought to an area by the earliest groups
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Inland North
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[ae] to [ie]
[a] to [ae] [openO] to [a] [E] to [ae] or [Schwa] |
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The south
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pin pen merger
peel pill merger (ay) monophthongization [ai] -> [a:] eg. ice distinct wh/w double modals southern shift |
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Midlands
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share characteristics of the inland north and the south
has caught cot merger |
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West
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caught cot merger, california shift
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DIvergence hypothesis
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Dialects of the US have been becoming more dissimilar, and will continue to do so over time
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Merger
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different words have same sound: mary, merry, mery
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Split
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same word have different sound: can
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Deletion
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historic - "istoric"
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Metathesis
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Ask -> [ae k s]
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Epenthesis
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adding sounds to word: Nuclear -> Nucular
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