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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Semantic Roles |
-refers to the way a referent noun contributes to state/action/situation in a phrase, Interpreted from arguments, Some lang. have morphology to mark roles 1.Agents 2.Patients 3.Experiencer 4.Instruments 5.Causes 6.Recipients 7.Benefactive 8.Locatives 9.Temporal |
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Locative |
-location of action or state [Midwest] is cold in winter. |
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Temporal |
-time at which action/state occurred She left home [yesterday]. |
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Experiencer |
-Noun Phrase which receives sensory input -not connected with volition/will [Courtney] likes blueberry pancakes. |
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Agent |
-responsible initiator of an action
doer of action w/volition, will, intentionality [John] gave me flowers. |
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Patient |
-what undergoes change of state, or directly affected by an event
I cleaned [the car]. |
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Instruments |
-If Noun Phrase is means by which an event is carried out -there must be an agent -way agent performs ation Michel cut the bread with [the knife]. |
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Causes |
-only natural force that brings change of state -do not require agents [The snow] caved in the roof. |
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Recipients |
-Noun phrase that receives physical object John gave a banana to [Amanda]. |
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Benefactive |
-Noun phrase for which an action is performed I baked a cake for [my brother]. |
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Relative Causes |
- clause embedded in Noun phrase and acts as complex modifier of head noun. I rigged the lottery THAT I WORK AT |
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Adverbial Clause |
- Subordinate clauses that modify verbs -express time, location, conditions I won BECAUSE I RIGGED THE LOTTERY |
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Complement Clauses |
-Subordinate clauses which is an argument of matrix verb - can be replaced with NP that is argument of the verb We saw THAT SHE SLIPPED ON THE ICE. |
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Embedded/Subordinate Clauses |
- within other clauses to make complex sentences -combines 2 sentences together Main=Matrix clause Matrix Verb= main clause's ver We saw THE SHARK EAT THE SEAL. |
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Clauses |
-complete thoughts -single VP -single thought -single action described -sentences can have several I ate the pie, THAT I STOLE FROM MY NEIGHBOR. |
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Case Markings |
- English has some remnants left - Pronouns marked for case (some) NOM 1st- I/We 2nd- You 3rd- She/He/They ACC 1st- Me/Us 2nd-You 3rd- Him/Her/Them |
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Semantics |
-study of meaning -ways language structures meaning, in words and phrases -meaning is represented and transmitted -meaning depends on structure |
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Independent Clauses |
- can be a complete sentence - verb and arguments -embed 1 into other to create complex sentences |
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Meaning depends on.... |
-context -human use and social norms -sense and reference |
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Sense |
-expression is meaning of expression in the mind -how it is said or form of proposition |
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Reference/Referent |
-real thing expression stands for/relates -entity in external word to which a linguistic expression relates |
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Lexical Semantics |
-Looking at word meaning -content and function words - |
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content |
part/whole realationships, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy, - |
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function |
deixis, tense mood |
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How to identify lexical categories |
-patterns -words and categories that can occur together in phrases -NOT UNIVERSAL |
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Examples of lexical categories |
-Verbs (Transitive and Intransitive) -Nouns -Adjective -Pronouns -Determiners -Adpostitions (preposition and postposition) -Adverbs -Conjunctions |
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Verb |
- LEXICAL CATEGORY -3rd person singular (-s) -past tense (-ed) -Progresive Aspectual Marker (-ing) -preceded by can/will -Transitive (agent and patient) -Intransitive (subject) |
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Noun |
-LEXICAL CATEGORY
-Structural characteristic of english noun -# distinction, singular and plural -preceded by determiner (a or the) |
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Adjectives |
-Lexical Category -(-er) (-est) endings -preceded by very or too |
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Determiners |
-Lexical Category -before nouns -definite (a book) -indefinite (the book) -demonstratives ( these books, those books) -possessiveness (my book, his book) |
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Personal Pronouns |
-Lexical Category 1. I/we/us 2. you/yours 3. she/he/they/it |
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Demonstrative Pronouns |
-Lexical Categories -this -that -these -those |
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Interrogative Pronouns |
-Lexical Category -who -what -which |
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Relative Pronouns |
-Lexical Category -I know the boy WHO ate my cake. |
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Indefinite Pronouns |
-Lexical Categories -someone -anyone -everyone -somebody |
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Fusional |
-add bound morpheme to stem -difficult to determine where 1 morpheme ends and one begins |
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Polysynthetic |
-several stems form and affixes are combined to form one word (NOT ENGLISH) |
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Adpostions |
-Lexical Category -prepositions -postpositions |
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Adverbs |
-Lexical Category -modify verbs=talk loudly -modify adjectives=truly splendid -modify adverbs=unbelievably quickly |
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Isolating |
-free morphemes -each word a single morpheme |
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Agglutinating |
bound morphemes attached to other morphemes easy to distinguish between morphemes |
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Types of Morphological Systems |
- Languages classified according to way put morphemes together 1.Isolating (Analytical) 2.Agglutinating 3.Fusional 4.Polysynthetic |
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Conjunctions |
-Lexical Category -connect words or clauses |
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Ways to code grammatical relations |
1. Linear Order 2. Inflectional Markings on NP (Case Markings) 3. Inflectional Marking on Verb (Agreement) 4. Adpositions (Pre/post positions) |
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Inflectional Morphology |
-changes relations without changing word order, modifies case endings |
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Common Grammatical Relations (Arguments) |
Subject (S)-central/only participant Direct Object (O)- acted upon by verb Indirect Object (IO)- recipient of (O) of verb Oblique Object (X)- (IO) introduced by a preposition |
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Verb Subcategorization (arguments) |
Transitive- Direct Object (2) Intransitive- No Direct Object (1) Ditransitive- 3 arguments (3) Jane put the book on the table. Ambitransitive- can/doesn't need NP, Lorraine ate. Lorraine ate sushi. |
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Morphemes |
-smallest unit of meaning -cannot be broken down further and still have meaning |
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Morphology |
-Study of words and the parts that make up words (morphemes) |
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Morphology |
-study of work-making and word-marking |
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Derivational Morphology Facts |
-changes central meaning -gemination= doubling of consonants |
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Derivational Morphology |
- derives new lexical items within same/different lexical category /-er/= verb to noun, write=writer /-tion/=verb to noun, inform=information /-ly/= adjective to adverb, quick=quickly |
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Inflectional Morphology in Other Languages |
Nominative (NOM)=subject Accusative (ACC)= Direct Object Dative (DAT)= Indirect Object |
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Ways to Categorize Morphemes |
1. inflectional vs. deriational 2. bound vs. free 3. grammatical vs. lexical 4. open vs. closed class |
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Closed Class words and examples |
pre/postpositions=with,from,on,in determiners=a,the,that,this,those conjunctions=and,or,but pronouns=i,you,she,he,him,heer,it,they auxilary verbs=is,has,will,would,car |
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open classe |
-lexical -can always add words i GOOGLEd the TOTALLY HIP IPOD on my COMPUTER |
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Closed Class |
-grammatical -rarely add/change words I googlED THE totally hip ipod ON MY computer |
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Grammatical |
-serve a function John IS goING TO THE store FOR THE 3rd time. |
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Lexical |
-have meaning BILL WATCHes all his FAVORITE SHOWS on MONDAYS |
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Bound Morpheme |
-must occur attached to another prefix-before suffix-after infix-inside circumfix-outside |
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Inflectional Morphology |
-code relationship between constituents of a phrase /-s/=3rd person singular /-d/=past tense /-s/=plural attached to nouns |
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Grammaticality |
-importance piece of data used to understand syntactic structure in a language -reflection of speakers mental and implicitly learned knowledge of a language |
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what 2 things do speakers need to know? |
-(subconsciously) -needed to construct proper sentences in their language -acceptable linear order of words -hierarchical structure |
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Linear Order |
-usually occur in a particular sequence in order to convey desired meaning -who did what to whom |
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Grammatical Relations |
-how describe language's syntax based on preferred linear order english= SVO |
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Constituents |
-hierarchical structure/phrases -phrase is words/morphemes that function as a unit according to P structure rules -noun, verb, prepositional phrase |
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Sentences and Constituents |
Sentence = NP + VP |
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Noun and Verb Phrases |
Noun= ways of referring to entities Verb= ways of saying something about entities referred to |
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Verb Subcategorization |
-diff. verbs require/permit diff. arguments -Some require NP Lorraine LIKES sushi. -Others don't permit NP Lorraine FELL. -Some do both Lorraine ATE sushi. Lorraine ATE. |
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Syntax |
- identifying and describing patterns of language at a larger level than single words 1. constituents (phrases) 2. Phrase-structure rules |
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Subconscious Patterns |
-what we learn that allow us to produce and understand an infinite # of sentences SYNTAX |
