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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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age as a variable
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shows historical changes and shows how people change over their lifetime
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Age means
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Age Grading A: your age is a determiner of how you talk at that age
Age Grading B: your age is a determiner on your attitude on styles Language Change: your age determines how you talk with reference to lang. change |
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real time
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study following an individual or a community across a span of time
two types: -trend study -panel study |
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Trend Study (real time)
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series of independent random samples that all use the same methodology
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Panel Study (real time)
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re-interviewing the same people several times, spread out throughout several years
-- keep track of them, so you go from 100 to 15 |
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Apparent Time Study
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collecting data all at once and interpreting the results from some basis of comparison of the past
- sample is representation of population in that area - speech is relatively stable after adolescence |
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Critical Period
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hypothesis that you must learn language before a certain time in life or you'll never aquire it at all correctly or in a native-like way
*effects phonology most and complex syntactic rules - acquisition of a regional dialect can occur before, but it will be incomplete after CP |
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Adulthood and language change
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usually 20-40s have language change stil occurring, can be older though
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levels of change that can occur in adults
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-lexical
-phonological= vowel mergers, not shifts NOT THE BASICS. |
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types of language change
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-Changes from Below= NCS
-Changes from Above= consciously added |
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The progression of So
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Formal use was w/ adjective and clause as an intensifier
Informal use was w/ adjective and no clause Now used with negative + adj Used with noun phrase Used with Verb Phrase |
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Verbs of Quotation
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Say
Go Be like Bald Other |
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VOQ in Philly
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-Sanchez and Charity
-Interviews with 14 speakers - Ages 9-70 Racially mixed, from west philly -Studied use of "be like" among African Americans Should not just be associated with white girls= black males use it most |
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"He's Like She's Like" by Tagliamonte and D'Arcy
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Study focused on VOQ in Canadian Youth
Study used sophomores from Univ to evaluate their friends and family with using this VOQ Data from Fall 2002 and 2003 -Used people from 10-19 years old |
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Two constraints on "be like" from Tagliamonte and D'Arcy
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1- Used with 1st person subjects
2- Used in content of the quote for sounds or internal thoughts |
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Grammaticalization and Tagliamonte/ D'Arcy study
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Gramaticalization is when new grammatical forms take over old forms' meanings and old forms take on new meanings
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Results of "be like" study
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-Use of "be like" has increased more than 4.5 times in 7 years
-Use increases the most among 15-16 year olds, goes up from there -The more it goes up, the more difference in sex we find |
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"Dude" by Kielsing 04
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Study took place at the Univ of Pittsburgh
-Record first 20 tokens of Dude found in 3 days -Europeon men use it the most -Women use it with other women -Usually tied to masculinity, skaters, drug users |
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Uses of Dude
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-Discourse structure markers
-Exclamation -Confrontational -Affiliation -Agreement *In 1 sentence it can mean many things |
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socialization of gender
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occurs with:
-comments on behavior -different styles of talking to boys and girls -different preconceptions of male/female kids |
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Biological Approach
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Explain differences in lingx based on biological diff.
-Vocal: the tract length on men is bigger b/c they're generally taller, so the larynx drops more (15%) and the have an adam's apple -Their vocal folds are longer and 50-60% thicker Women have a 75% higher pitch -Men use lower part of pitch Women use all of it -Corpus Callosum in W -Brain differences Hormones: F tested low during estrogen stage= M pattern -Right ear advantage (connected to left hemi= lang)- greater during midluteal -L ear advantage (connected to R hemi- music) - greater during menses |
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Deficit Approach
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-women's speech is seen as weak
-hedges, tag Qs, ampty adjs, uptalk -Men's use of power in past creates this -Criticism: over-generalization, no empirical support |
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Do women talk more than men?
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NO. no statistics to show this
-Words per day: -Words per utterance: |
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Leaper and Ayers 2007
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small but statistically reliable tendency for men to talk more in overall conversation
CONTEXT: - men talk more with wives and strangers -W talk more with kids and classmates |
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the Differences Approach
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Women's language is jsut "different" than mens
-Grow up in diff. subcultures/ speech communities -Girls= collaborative, equal, cooperation, emotionally involved -Boys= competative, dominance, length of speech- long |
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the Dominance Approach
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Female-Male conversational differences are b/c of diff. in societal power- Stand Pt. Theory
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Features of dominance approach
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back channel: verbal/non-verbal signals to show attentiveness
interruption- violation of speakers turn taking overlap- interrupt but other person keeps talking |
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Interplay of Gender and Genres
-Innes |
"Muskogee tribe - how they value speech of men and women
-Ceremonies are a time for women and men to speak- they each talk about separate things |
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Methodology of Innes "Gender and Genre"
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from 1990-1997 collected data from ceremonies with stomp ground population
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Genres of speech in Muskogee tribe
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-Gossip= only W, do it about a girl right there, deconstruct society
-Visiting= M/F talks about their self or behavior, with 2 people, others hear -Joking= M enter W's convos with this Stories= M do it to entertain W do it do comment on something |
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Conclusions of Innes Genres/Gender article
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Women gossip to uphold social norms
Men tell stories to keep these norms Men can be anxious w/ women's talk b/c of their power Emic/Etic |
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Why be normal? -Nerd Girls by Bucholtz
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Individuals choose how they speak
Follows community of practice with ethnography instead of speech community b/c that only considers main ppl |
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Methodology of Nerd Girls by Bucholtz
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Single group of girls at Bah City High were studied
-6 members, 4 were central, 2 periphs -All euro-americans, 1 asian Called themselves the Random Reigns Supreme Club |
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Identity practices of the Nerd girls
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Positive- show what they are= hyper standard forms, lexical forms
Negative- show what they're not= not using slang or clusters |
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Conclusion on Nerd Girls by Bucholtz study
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COP shows all lingx practices and social practicies
-Girls chose what they say -All assumptions made form 1 convo -Edited transcripts |
