Lin 1 Midterm 1

Front 1

empirical

Back 1

relying on or deriving from observation

Front 2

objective

Back 2

study of language without judgment

Front 3

language

Back 3

a complex, rule-based system for organizing and expressing information

inherently interactional, creative, an expression of our social identity, spoken

Front 4

arbitrariness (symbolism)

Back 4

sounds do not have meaning on their own, a word is a symbol for something else

Front 5

displacement

Back 5

we can talk about objects that are not present and events in the past or future

Front 6

productivity

Back 6

we can say a sentence we have never heard before

Front 7

patterned

Back 7

our language(s) is/are structured to create categories and natural classes

Front 8

discreteness

Back 8

propert whereby complex messages are built of smaller parts

(phrases-words-parts of words-sounds)

Front 9

Properties of Human language

Back 9

A arbitrariness

D displacement

P productivity

P patterned

D discreteness

Front 10

phonetics

Back 10

the study of the perception and production of speech sounds and of the sounds themselves

Front 11

phonology

Back 11

study of the representation of speech sounds, and the way that they interact with each other in a language

Front 12

morphology

Back 12

the study of words and te parts that make up words (morphemes)

Front 13

syntax

Back 13

the study of the structure of phrases

Front 14

semantics

Back 14

the study of how meaning is encoded in language

Front 15

pragmatics

Back 15

the study of language use and how information is coded through structure and use

Front 16

historical linguistics

Back 16

the study of language change

Front 17

typology

Back 17

classifying languages according to their structural features

Front 18

sound

Back 18

a disturbance in air that radiates outward from a source

Front 19

speech sounds

Back 19

grouped

1. they "sound" the same

2. they are produced in the sameway

Front 20

phones (phonemes)

Back 20

speech sounds that can be grouped according to these criteria (sound and production)

Front 21

vocal tract

Back 21

the space between the glottis and the lips

Front 22

consonants

Back 22

speech sounds with an obstruction at some point along the vocal tract; produced when an articulator interacts with a place of articulation

Front 23

vowels

Back 23

speech sounds with no obstruction along the vocal tract

Front 24

articulation

Back 24

a process by which a very basic buzzing (or hissing if voiceless) sound gets shaped by the vocal tract into very complicated sounds

Front 25

voiceless sounds

Back 25

occur when the vocal cords are held apart so that air can pass through easily

Front 26

articulators

Back 26

parts that move around to create different configurations

Front 27

consonants description

Back 27

1. the place along the vocal tract at which the obstruction occurs

2. the manner in which the obstruction is created by the articulator

3. whether they are voiced or not

Front 28

bilabial

Back 28

the two lips

Front 29

labiodental

Back 29

the upper teeth and lower lip

Front 30

dental

Back 30

the tongue and the teeth

Front 31

alveolar

Back 31

the tongue tip and alveolar ridge

Front 32

post-alveolar

Back 32

tongue tip and the palate just beyond the alveolar ridge

Front 33

palatal

Back 33

tongue body and the palate

Front 34

velar

Back 34

tongue body and velum

Front 35

glottal

Back 35

the glottis

Front 36

stops

Back 36

consonants with a complete closure at some point along the vocal tract

Front 37

nasals

Back 37

stops performed with a lowered velum, so that air passes through the nasal cavity

Front 38

fricatives

Back 38

involve a partial constriction at some point of the vocal tract. this results in an increase in pressure and velocity which results in turbulent air (hissing sound)

Front 39

affricate

Back 39

a stop + fricative sequence made at the same point of articulation

Front 40

approximant

Back 40

involve less closure than stops and fricatives but more than a vowel. they are typically louder than other consonants but quieter than vowels

Front 41

lateral approximant

Back 41

a special class of approximants which include sounds like /l/ in English

Front 42

foreign accents

Back 42

occurs when we try to speak a foreign language using the sounds from our native language

Front 43

aspiration

Back 43

an aspirated stop, superscript h

puffin

Front 44

unaspirated stop

Back 44

no puff of air when this bilabial stop is released (libs are opened), no superscript h

spot

Front 45

unreleased stop

Back 45

no puff of air and no release (lips do not open) with bilabial stop

symbol is a arrowhead in right corner

Front 46

contrastive sounds

Back 46

create a difference in meaning in a language

Front 47

non- contrastive sounds

Back 47

do not change meaning in a language

Front 48

phoneme

Back 48

an absract element in the sound system of a language

skeleton unit of sound

the underlying unit has a psychological reality

but it is actually pronounced differently depending on where it occurs

Front 49

allophones

Back 49

the surface (speech) realizations of a single skeletal unit of sound in a language

allophones of one phoneme do not create different words in a language

Front 50

minimal pairs

Back 50

words in which a change in only one sounds creates a difference in meaning

Front 51

distinctiveness

Back 51

speakers of these languages have to pay attention to things english speaker dont

length and pitch are distinctive in these languages, but not in english

a phonetic characteristic is distinctive when it can cause a change in meaning in the laguage

Front 52

complementaty distribution

Back 52

when allophones each have a mutually exclusive position in words; predictable

Front 53

free variation

Back 53

in some environments, more than one allophone is possible