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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the cortical structures of the limbic system? |
Form a ring around the medial aspect of the brain Cingulate gyurs, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus and small areas in the hippocampal formation |
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What are the subcortical structures of the limbic system |
Hippocampus Amygdala Septal Nuclei |
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What are the majot neural pathways of the limbic system? |
Fornix Mammilothalamic tract |
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What pathways does the fornix contain? |
Interconnects the hippocampus to septal area, hypothalamus, and mammilary bodies 1) pathway to hypothalamus 2) major projection to mammilary bodies |
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What is the mammilothalamic tract |
Connects the mammillary bodies with the thalamus thalamus sens broad projections to the cingulate gyrus and other cortical areas |
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What is a major function of the limbic system? |
Memory processing |
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What is the Circuit of Papez |
Basic Pathway Parahippocampal gyrus to -Hippocampus -Mammilary bodies -Ant Thalamic Nuclei -Back to parahippocampal gyrus vis the cingulum bundle |
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Where does the Circuit of Papez allow two way communication? |
Prefrontal areas, premotor areas, visual, auditory and somatosensory association cortex. forms basis for memory |
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What type of memory is Papez associated with? |
formation of new memories - transition from short term to long term |
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What are the classification of memory? |
Declarative memory Nondeclarative (procedural) memory |
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What are the temporal aspects of the two memory types? |
Immediate memory Working memory Long term memory |
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What is declarative memory |
storage and retrieval that is available to consciousness and can be expressed by language |
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What is nondeclarative memory? |
Memories that largely cannot be retrieved at a conscious level, how to preform tasks |
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What is immediate memory? |
Ability to hold ongoing experiences in mind for fraction os a second. -required to be oriented and responsive in an environment -broad areas of cerebral cortex and their connection contribute to this -It is evaluated clinically as a general orientation to environment |
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What is working memory? |
Ability to hold information in mind for access for seconds to minutes after the present (short term) |
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What areas are involved in working memory? |
Some is contributed by the hippocampus, maybe prefrontal cortex Difference may be remembering how to use an item as well as what it is |
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What is long term memory? |
The more permanent storage of information for periods of days, weeks, months or years. |
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What is consolidation |
Process of converting information in working memory to long term memory |
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Describe declarative memory recall? |
Involves a process of the reactivation of similar brain regions to those involved in perception. |
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What is forgetting? |
The normal inability to convert memories from one form to another, loss ofm emory, or inability to recall |
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What is amnesia? |
Pathological memory loss |
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What is anterograde amneisa? |
Inability to form new memories |
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What is retrograde amnesia? |
Difficulty retrieving memories already estabilished |
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Patients with isolated lesions of the papez circuit cause? |
Patients have immediate and some short term memory but cannot consolidate information into long term memory. |
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What is the consolidation processes sensitive to? |
Leisons of the hippocampus |
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Anoxia related memory loss |
CA 1 area of hippocampus Can become evident in cases where general body oxygen levels drop. |
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What can effect long term memory? |
Diffuse damage of overactivation (epilepsy or electro therapy) can produce appreciable deficits in long term memory |
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Circuits for Non declarative memories? |
Basal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, sensory association cortex and cerebellum NOT temporal lobe of midline thalamic nuclei |
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Most likely substrate for procedural memory? |
Basal nuclei loops involved in the performance and integration of motor tasks. |
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What can diseases in which the basal nuclei are effected cause? |
Huntingtons and Parkinsons Inability to learn motor skills. |
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What can cerebellar damage interfere with? |
Some types of conditioned reflex learning |
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What is Priming? |
Phenomenon that demonstrates the continual transfer of information from working memory into long term memory whether or not there is an intent to remember it |
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When is priming particularly noted? |
For the creation of associational biasing or creating false memories |
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What structures are involved in emotional memories |
Amygdala, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, and the ventral tegmental area of the brainstem |
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Where is the amygdaloid complex located? |
In the ant and med portion of temporal horn under the uncus with which part of it blends |
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What inputs does the amygdala use? |
Visceral and somatic sensory inpus to coordinate emotional responses |
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What can electrical stimulation of the amygdala produce? |
Feelings of fear or anxiousness |
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WHat is the amygdala connected to? |
Directly and indirectly to septal areas, the hypothalamus, the nucleus accumbens and rostal a reas of the causdate nucleus and putamen Large input from areas associate with taste and olfaction |
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Basic connections of amygdala are for? |
Feeding and defensive behaviors |
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What does amygdala add to memory formation? |
Sympathetic autonomic component and has properties of learning or modification with experience |
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Where is the nucleus accumbens |
Lies at the jct of the causdate nucleus an the putamen and next to the septal nuclei |
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Where does Nucleus accumbens receive input from? |
Amygdaloid complex, the hippocampal formation, and substantial nigra and ventral tegmental area |
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What receptors does the nucleus accumbens contain? |
Receptors for a variety of neurotransmitters including endogenous opioids |
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What role does the nucleus accumbens play? |
Addiction through the moderation of the rewarding nature of behavior |
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What are the outgoing connections of the nucleus accumbens? |
To the hypothalamus, brainstem, and the globus pallidus. |
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Electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens may cause? |
may be rewarding, and it may be responsible for the addictive or compulsive behaviors by attaching a positive affect to them |
