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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Limbic General Function Def.
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Feelings, emotions, drive-related behavior important to survival
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What portions of cortex is the limbic system?
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Cingulate Gyrus
Parahippocampal Gyrus, Subcallosal Area |
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Parts of the Limbic System
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Cingulate/Parahippocampal Gyri
Amygdala Hippocampus Septal Nuclei Hypothalamus Reticular Formation Olfactory |
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What part of the limbic system is the largest?
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The Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
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What are the two limbic subsystems?
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????????????
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The Amygdala has three main areas within it. What are they?
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Medial, Central, Basolateral
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What are the amygdala areas and their function?
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Medial, Central, Basolateral areas
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The Medial Area of the Amygdala is associated with what input?
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Olfactory (smell)
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The Central area of the Amygdala is getting input from the _____ and _______ .
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Brainstem (reticular formation)
Hypothalamus |
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The biggest Amygdala area in humans which is central to emotional response is the ________ .
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Basolateral area of the Amygdala
Related to sensation input |
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The three inputs to the amygdala are:
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Olfactory
Brainstem (RF) and Hypothalamus Sensation input (vision, audio, taste, touch, thalamus) |
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The outputs of the amygdala include:
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Thalamus, Cortex, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Brainstem, Ventral Striatum,
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The Ventral Striatum has what function?
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VS mediates reward and addiction properties
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T/F. The Amygdala gives a positive or negative association with cortical information.
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True. Amygdala tells us if something is like or not, good or bad.
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The amygdala and hippocampus both are (inputs/outputs/both) to each other.
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Both. They both are inputs and outputs to each other.
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T/F. The fornix is the mostly efferent part of the amygdala.
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False.
The Fornix is part of the Hippocampus and is made of axons. |
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The Hippocampus receives input primarily from the ________ cortex.
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Entorhinal Cortex.
Also receives from other areas of cortex. |
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Outputs to the Hippocampus include:
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Amygdala
Anterior Nuc of Thalamus Mamillary Bodies of Thalamus Hypothalamus, Septum, Ventral Striatum |
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The Fornix is mostly efferent and C-shaped.
The right and left ______ are connected by it. |
Hippocampus.
The fornix is part of the hippocampus and connects both sides L + R hippocampi |
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The Amygdala connects to the Dorsomedial Thalamus and has what primary function in the Limbic?
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The Amygdala is the Action Oriented System
-- initiates response |
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The Hippocampus projects to the Anterior Thalamic Nucleus and Mamillary bodies.
It's primary function is _________, _______, and ______. |
Hippocampus is in charge of
Thought, Memory and Learning |
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Learning
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Acquisition of New Information or Knowledge
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Memory
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Retention of Learned Information
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Amnesia
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Serious Loss of Memory and/or Ability to Learn
Can be Retrograde (don't remember past) or Anterograde (can't form new memories) |
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Engram
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A physical representation or location of a memory
Memories aren't in a specific spot in the brain (spread out) |
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Dementia
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Loss of previously held cognitive and intellectual functions without impairment of perception or consciousness
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Declarative Memory
[explicit memory, can remember it] |
Episodic Memory -- Experiences, Events
Semantic Memory -- Facts These things are consciously recalled |
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Non-declarative / Procedural Memory
[implicit memory] |
Skills and Behavior
"like riding a bike" |
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Three Functional Elements of Declarative Memory
(important for learning) |
Acquisition
Storage Retrieval We can have dysfunctions in either of the elements. |
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Working memory is stuff we are actively trying to remember. If the information is consolidated, then it becomes long term memory.
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True.
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LTP = Long-Term Potentiation
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Increased Use of Neurons
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What portion of the brain is important for declarative memory
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The Medial Temporal Lobe is CRITICAL for Declarative Memory
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What are all the parts of the Limbic System?
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Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
Amygdala and Hippocampus Hypothalamus Setpal Nuclei Reticular Formation Olfactory |
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The Temporal Lobe hosts the:
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Amygdala and Hippocampus
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Sensory Stimuli Elicit Emotional Responses this elicits both involuntary and voluntary response.
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True.
Voluntary and Involuntary |
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Feelings, emotions, and drive-related behaviors important to survival of the species."
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Function of the Limbic
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Limbic involves these parts:
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Paraterminal Gyrus = Lamina terminalis
Parahippocampal Gyrus and Cingulate Gyrus Subcallosal Area Mam bodies |
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The Limbic System is composed of the telencephalon, diencephalon, and brainstem.
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TRUE
Amygdala + Hippo = Cortex (telencephalon) Hypothalamus = Diencephalon Reticular Formation = Brainstem |
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The Control Center for the Limbic
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Amygdala
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The Amygdala Limbic Subsystem
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Action Oriented System (Initiates Response)
Emotional learning/memory Anterior portion of Limbic Amygdala controls |
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The Hippocampus Limbic Subsystem
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Thought, Memory, Learning System
Anterior Thalamic Nucleus and Mamillary Bodies Posterior Portion of Limbic Hippocampus controls |
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Amygdala Areas (3)
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Medial -- Olfactory system
Central - emotional expression Basolateral -- largest area, senses |
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Medial Area of Amygdala
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Olfactory System
Input is Olfactory |
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Central Area of Amygdala
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Important to Emotional Expression
INPUTS: Brainstem (reticular formation) and Hypothalamus |
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Basolateral Area of Amygdala
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Info: Visual, Audio, Taste, Thalamus, Somatosensation
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OUTPUTS OF AMYGDALA
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Most go back to the Input
Hippocampus, Thalamus, Cortex, Hypothalamus, Brainstem(Reticular Formation), Ventral Striatum (reward) |
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Amygdala-Hippocampal Reciprocity
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Both give each other input and output
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Emotional Memory occurs in this structure.
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Amygdala
Emotional learning also occurs here. With loss of Amyg, lose emotional content to memories. |
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Dementia
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progressive
Loss of Cognitive Functions and Intellectual Functions Disorientation, Poor Judgment Can have memory affected (not always. example is Alzheimer's |
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Engram
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location or representation of a memory
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Explicit Memory
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Declarative Memory [facts and experience]
Easier to lose |
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Implicit Memory
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Slow, Non-declarative, Procedural
"like riding a bike" Harder to Forget |
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Learning
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Acquisition of new info
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3 Functional Elements of Memory
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Acquire
Store Retrieve Can have a problem in each of the three |
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Sleep is important to consolidating memory.
If a memory is consolidated (sleep), it can move from working memory to __________ ____________. |
Long-term Memory
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Working Memory
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Things we actively remember and try to store.
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T/F. Nondeclarative memory is harder to form.
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True. It's harder to make these memories but they stick around easier.
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Non-declarative Memory Structures besides the Amygdala
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Basal ganglia, Cerebellum, Neocortex
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The source of episodic and semantic memory are located in what structure? Where is it located?
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Hippocampus
Medial Temporal Lobe |
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Subconscious Reflexes located in the __________ .
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Cerebellum
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Medial temporal lobe is critical in ________ memory.
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Declarative Memory
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H.M. Case
Bilateral removal of Hippocampus and adjacent cortex |
No new memory
Severe Anterograde Amnesia No loss of procedural memory (could practice skills and not know it) |
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Hippocampus is Archicortex
3 Zones called: |
Dentate Gyrus - 3 layered
Hippocampus Proper - 3 layered Subiculum - transitional |
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Entorhinal Cortex is the primary input to the:
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Hippocampus
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Neurons that Fire Together, Wire Together.
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Yup. That's it.
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Why is LTP important for PT?
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Repetition and Teaching Your Patient.
Patient Education |
