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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cortical structures (gray) |
1. Cingulate gyrus 2. Parahipocampal gyrus 3. Uncus 4. Hippocampus 5. Amygdala 6. Insula |
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Non-Cortical structures (gray) |
1. Septal nuclei (septal area) 2. Olfactory bulbs and tract 3. Hypothalamus 4. Mamillary bodies 5. Habenula 6. Reticular formation (brainstem) |
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White matter: |
1. Fornix 2. Stria terminalis |
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The following limbic structures are located in the cortex and are referred to as the limbic lobe |
1. Cingulate gyrus 2. Parahipocampal gyrus 3. Uncus (ventral aspect) 4. Hippocampus 5. Amygdala 6. Insula (coronal slices) -The above structures form a ring around the diencephalon and corpus callosum (the deepest structures) |
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Diencephalon structures |
thalamus, hypothalamus, sub thalamus, and epithalamus |
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Limbic structures are phylogenetically older and deeper in the brain
Limbic structures can be observed in: |
-Whole brain-ventral aspect -Mid-sagittal section -Coronal sections -Some limbic structures rare not observed in brain lab |
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Limbic structures observed in the ventral view of the whole brain: |
-Parahippocampal gyrus (of temporal lobe) -Uncus area (of temporal lobe) -Olfactory bulb and tract |
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Limbic structures observed in the midsagittal section: |
-Septal nuclei and septal area, near the septum pellucidum -Fornix (white matter) -Cingulate gyrus
-Hypothalamus (coronal as well) -diencephalon -Mammillary bodies (coronal as well) -diencephalon -Habenula of epithalamus -diencephalon |
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Limbic structures observed in the coronal sections: |
1. Amygdala (in temporal lobe) 2. Hippocampus (in temporal lobe) 3. Insula (in frontal, temporal, and pariteal lobes) 4. Hypothalamus (midsagittal as well) 5. Mammillary bodies (midsagittal and ventral) 6. Fornix (midsagittal, adjacent to corpus callosum) |
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Fornix |
-Midsagittal -Coronal |
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Hypothalamus |
-Midsagittal -Coronal |
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Mammillary bodies |
-Midsagittal -Coronal -Ventral |
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Survival functions may be remembered by the word "MOVE" |
-Memory -Olfactory -Visceral responses -Emotions |
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Memory |
Recent memory |
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Olfaction |
Odor-related responses (food, toxic fume, perfumes) all are smell related responses that are part of survival mode |
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Visceral responses |
-Those which accompany emotions (such as being sick to your stomach, having increased blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiration frequency (fR), and temperature)
-Control of visceral emotions is through the autonomic nervous system (ANS), e.g., your BP increases when you're angry |
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Emotions |
-Emotional behavior (especially fear, anger, and sexual-related behavior) is influenced by connections with the hypothalamus, which controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system (pituitary gland)
-The control of visceral emotions is controlled by the limbic system through the autonomic nervous system |
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Cingulate gyrus function |
-Coordinates sensory input with emotions (fear, anxiety, pleasure) -Coordinates the emotional responses to pain -Regulates the body's conscious response to unpleasant experiences including aggressive behaviors, avoidance behavior and prediction of negative consequence (if I do this, it will be really bad in the future)
-Really controls and coordinates all of these emotional responses -For example, a pin prick causes fear and a warm touch causes pleasure |
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Parahippocampal gyrus function |
-Memory: creation and recall of visual memory, scene recognition, such as landscape, or room
-A complex recognition/recall of memory |
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Uncus function |
-The uncus is part of the olfaction cortex -Most of the olfactory cortex is in the frontal lobe but the uncut is part of the temporal lobe -It processes information from the sense of smell |
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Hippocampus function |
-Memory: forming and storing long term memory, especially emotional memories and olfaction memories; may play a role in repressing memories
-Spatial memory, spatial coding (where things are in space), and navigation (such as reading maps) |
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Amygdala function |
-Emotional learning and emotional feelings such as anger, aggression, fear and anxiety, also pleasure -Social interactions, perception of social cues and generation of feelings of empathy -Forming emotional memories and determining what memories are stored; a role in PTSD -New information: animal recognition (companion animal, be food or eat food) |
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Insula function |
-Exact role uncertain, research suggests the following functions: -Awareness of interoreceptors (autonomic information such as pain, heartbeat, fullness or emptiness of internal organs) -Perceptual processing of various stimuli from exteroreceptors (somatosensensory, gustatory, olfactory, vestibular) -Putting the above information together to come up with human experience such as: -Body self awareness, perception of body image, social emotions (empathy, pride, humor, disgust, humiliation, guilt) -Responding emotionally to music (interpretation of music) -Anxiety -Addiction (food, smoking, alcohol, drugs) |
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Mammillary bodies function |
-Memory: recollection, and adding element of smell to memory (that's why smells can trigger memories that are so sharp and clear) |
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Septal nuclei (septal area) |
-The neurons in the septal nuclei have many connections with other brain areas including: -limbic structures -diencephalon structures -brainstem structures -Function: play a role in pleasure, reward, reinforcement, and inhibition of fear (it has a good feeling in the body)
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The prefrontal cortex is the neocortical representation of the limbic system |
-While the limbic system deals with raw emotions, the prefrontal cortex modifies them into being socially acceptable
Prefrontal cortex -Is located in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe -It controls and shapes raw emotions, making them more socially acceptable -It functions in planning for the future, good judgment, and various personality traits |
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Limbic Connections -The known and prominent pathways (white mater) are: |
1. Fornix: connects neurons in the hippocampus to neurons in the mammillary bodies (MB to Hippo), but also to septal nuclei and anterior thalamus 2. Stria terminalis: connects the amygdala to the hypothalamus (AMY to HYPO) |
