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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List 3 sources where we gather evidence from |
Science, mechanism, experimental, epidemiological, anthropological, current, historical, experience, personal clinical, shared
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What is anthropology? |
Studies of humans in the past |
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Sucrose is.. |
50% glucose, 50% fructose |
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What are the 3 things which insulin does? |
1. Turns off fat burning 2. Tries to move glucose into cells 3. Stores nutrient especially carbohydrates as fat |
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What if you have no insulin? What condition does this lead too? |
Type 1 diabetes |
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What happens when there is insulin resistance? |
When the body produces insulin under conditions of insulin resistance, the cells are resistant to the insulin and are unable to use it..
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What does Leptin do? (3) |
When you eat food, leptin travels to the hypothalamus and says stop eating |
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How does the oral glucose tolerance test work? |
Give someone liquid glucose drink, look at what happens to blood sugar over couple of hour |
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If youre staving and have had no food for 2 days and you have completely depleted glucose, what happens? Describe what happens when you eat or drink food? |
-You become insulin resistant. -As you soon as you drink, it goes to the brain and red blood cells (this is so it can dispose to the most important part of your bodies) |
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Modern metabolic disease are caused by... (2) |
High carb diets
Insulin resistance |
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What is Hyperinsulinnemia |
High Insulin levels.
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What is metabolic dysregulation caused by? (3) |
Cancer
Diabetes Alzheimers/neurological CVD High Insulin Obesity |
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What causes inflammation insulin resistance |
Stress cause insulin resistance -Cortisol reates insulin resistance -Poor sleep -Too much exercise can cause insulin resistance -Low physical activity (Lipoprotein lipase makes you more prone to holding on to fat) -Smoking -Pollution (environmental toxins) -Too much/too little sun -High sugar diet -Fructose - liver -Fructose and alcohol take the same pathway and make you insulin resistance -High trans fat/O6 fat diet -High Alcohol -Poor gut microbes -Genes/ethnicity -Age -Obesity (visceral adiposity) -High insulin |
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What are 3 occasions when insulin resistance is important? |
-Women going through puberty -During menopause (cultural evolution of humans depends on women surviving) |
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Anti inflammation, Insulin sensitive - ?? |
Some stress (physical, mental) Exercise Lower carb diet ANti oxident diets O3 fat diet Sunlight (VitD) |
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Metabolic syndrome |
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What is HbA1c glucated haemoglobin |
Labboratoryblood test that can be used to diagnose diabetes or, if you have it, to thendetermine how good or bad your diabetes control is. It measures youraverage blood glucose over the previous weeks and gives an indication ofyour longer-term blood glucose control, by assessing how much glucosegets stuck to your red blood cells (haemoglobin).
The term HbA1c refers to glycated haemoglobin. It develops when haemoglobin, a protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body, joins with glucose in the blood, becoming 'glycated'. |
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What did the maori race develop? (2) |
Knowledge of natural laws Adopted a system of living in harmony with those laws to a high degree (reported by scientists to the most perfect race living on earth) |
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How did the maori race develop what they developed? |
-Diet -Social organisation -Utilised foods from the sea very liberally. -Maintain an immunity to dental issues |
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What is hormeses? |
Dose response to an environmental agent characterized by a low dose stimulation or beneficial effect |
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What conditions do stress lead too? |
Hormes/Maladaptation |
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How does Hormes affect ROS, Insuli, IGF-1? |
Decrease ROS Decrease Insuli Increase IGF-1 |
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How does Maladaptation affect ROS, Insuli, IGF-1? |
Increase ROS Increase Insuli Decrease IGF-1 |
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What does Hormesis also lead to? (3) |
Increase BDN Increase neural plasticity and synaptic function Increase welllbeing
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What does Maladaptation lead to? (3) |
-Decrease BDN -Decrease neural plasticity and synaptic function -Decrease wellbeing |
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What does too much stress lead to in terms of Insulin sensitivity, ROS and IGF-1? |
Increase ROS/Insulin Sensitivity Decrease IGF-1 |
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What does some sunlight and vitamin D lead to? |
Insulin Sensitivity Decrease ROS Increased nitrate availability Vit. D is an antioxidant |
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What does too much sunlight and vitamin D lead to? |
Decrease Insulin Sensitivty Increase ROS |
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What does some Exercise lead to? (3) |
Decrease ROS, Decrease Insulin Increase Insulin Sensitivity Increase, IGF-1 Range of things Increased glucose out of cells, |
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What does too much exercise lead to? (3) |
Increase Insulin Sensitivity Increase ROS Decrease IGF-1 Adrenal axis fatigue Cellular inflammation |
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What does some Alcohol lead to? (3) |
Decrease ROS Some Anti Oxidants Reduced stress/adrenal axis |
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What does too much alcohol lead to? (4) |
Increase ROS Decrease Insulin Sensitivity
Ethanol (also fructose) pathway reduced Nitrate availability |
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What does some Nutrient Density lead to? (4) |
Decrease ROS Increase Insulin Sensitivity
Antioxidants decrease ROS Other micronutrients enhance cell function |
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What do nutritionists mainly agree on? (5) |
• Whole, unprocessed food • Omega 3 • Monounsaturaes - eg, olive oil • Omega 6 ratio • Sugar and fructose (refined at least) • Protein? |
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What do nutritionists not agree on? (6) |
• Saturated fat • Whole grains and carbs • Lots and lots of fruit • Different messages for different people • Incorporating loads of lifestlye changes • Big changes v small changes |
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What are the most common objections to Paleo and LCHF? |
• Didn’t live long, who cares? • Foods - wide variety - who knows? • No long term data • Will cause metabolic diseases |
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What is Coronary artery disease? |
Plarque inside heart and block blood supply to rest of heart |
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Define Peripheral vascular disease |
Bllood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm |
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Define Retinopathy |
Damage occurs to retina due to diabetes |
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Define neuropathy |
Disease of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weaknes |
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Define nephropathy |
Damage to your kidneys caused by diabetes |
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Diabetes causes (6) |
Coronary artery disease Peripheral vascular disease Retinopathy Neuropathy Nephorapathy |
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Define Diabetes mellitus |
Group of diseasescharacterised by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects ininsulin production |
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Define Cholesterol |
Waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all cells of the body
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Difference between LDL and HDL |
Low density lipo proteins Triglycerides = fat |
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What are the symptoms of Diabetes mellitus |
Thirst, polyuria,blurring of vision, and weight loss |
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What are the longterm effects of Diabetes mellitus? |
-Complications of retinopathy with potential blindness -Progressive development of nephorpathy that may lead ot renal failure -Neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers amputations -Increase risk of CVD, peripheral vascular, cerebrovascular |
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What was Type 1 diabetes previously called? |
-Insulin-dependentdiabetes mellitus (IDDM) -Juvenile-onset diabetes |
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How does Type I diabetes develop? |
When the body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells |
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Who does Type I diabetes target? |
Childen/Young adults (or onset at any age) |
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What does Type I diabetes account for? |
5% to 10% ofall diagnosed cases of diabetes |
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What was Type 2 Diabetes previously called? |
Non-insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes |
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What is IGT (Impairedglucose tolerance) |
Blood sugar level iselevated (140to 199 mg/dL after a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test), but isnothing enough to be classified as diabetes. |
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Hypoglycaemic events down 82% for the single session of teaching low carb diet in tyype 1 diabete,s long-term improvement adherence; a clinical audit |
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What did 'Richard K' say? |
“There is a fundamental truth.Blood glucose levels in peoplewith diabetes vary withincreasing unpredictability as theconsumption of carbohydrateincreases. |
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Pattern 1
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Pattern 1
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Pattern 2
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Pattern
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Pattern 4
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Pattern 5
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What does insulin Resistance lead to? |
High blood sugar |
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What isleptin secreted by? |
Fat cell |
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What is the normal response during an oral glucose tolerance test? |
Normal glucose response is your glucosepeaks, then its disposed of over the next couple of hours (70g of sugar) |
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What is the Insulin Resistant response during an oral glucose tolerance test? |
Peaks for acouple of hours then goes away after a couple of hours |
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What does hyperinsulinema result in? (3) |
-Can't burn fat -Store nutrients as fat -Makes you more insulin resistant\ |
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Define Hyperglycemia |
An excess of glucose in the bloodstream Hypoglycemia = less in the bloodstream |
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What happens if Diabetes mellitus gets worse? |
Ketoacidosis or anon–ketotichyperosmolar state or death |
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What is a fact about Diabetes meliteus symptoms?
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Often symptoms are notsevere, or may be absent, and consequently hyperglycaemia sufficient tocause pathological and functional changes may be present for along time beforethe diagnosis is made |
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What is IFG (impairedfasting glucose) |
Fasting blood sugar levelis elevated(100 to 125 milligrams per decilitre or mg/dL) after anovernight fast but is not high enough to be classified as diabetes |
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What is prediabetes |
Term used todistinguish people who are at increased risk risk of developing diabetes. |
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What do people with prediabetes have? |
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Some people may have both IFG and IGT |
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What does type II diabetes account for? |
About 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases ofdiabetes. |
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What does type II diabetes usually begin as? |
Insulin resistance, adisorder in whichthe cells do not use insulin properly |
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As the need for insulin rises... |
Pancreas gradually loses its ability toproduce insulin. |
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What is Type II diabetes associated with? |
-Older age -Obesity -History of diabetes -History of gestational diabetes -Impaired glucose metabolism -Physical inactivity -Race/ethnicity |
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HBA1C test for diabetes diagnosis |
40 or less - no diabetes 41 - 49 - abnormal glucose tolerance 50 - supports diagnosis of diabetes |
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HBA1C test for known diabetics |
Less than 50 - excellent 50 - 54 very good 55 -64 may be appropriate 65 - 79 sub optimal glycaemic control 80 - 99 poor glycaemic control 100 or more - very poor glycaemic control |
