Lifespan Test 2

Front 1

Celiac disease

Back 1

an inherited digestive problem in which gluten (the proteins found in all wheat products) triggers an immune response that damages the small intestine; thus affected children are unable to absorb nutrients from food despite the adequate consumption. It leads to malnutrition, which stunts growth and delays puberty.

Front 2

Catch-up growth

Back 2

a phenomenon in which children who have experienced growth deficits (like celiac disease) will grow rapidly and catch up to the growth trajectory they are genetically programmed to follow.

Front 3

The endocrine (or hormonal) system consists

Back 3

of a group of endocrine glands.

Front 4

Endocrine glands

Back 4

secret chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Front 5

Pituitary gland

Back 5

probably the most critical of the endocrine glands; the "master gland" located at the base of the brain. It triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands by sending hormonal messages to those glands.

Front 6

Pituitary gland is directly controlled by the

Back 6

hypothalamus of the brain.

Front 7

Pituitary gland produces

Back 7

growth hormone.

Front 8

Growth hormone

Back 8

triggers the production of specialized hormones that directly regulate growth; produced by pituitary gland.

Front 9

Thyroid gland

Back 9

plays a key role in physical growth and development and in the development of the nervous system.

Front 10

A male fetus will not develop male reproductive organs unless

Back 10

a gene on his Y chromosome triggers the development of the testes (which are endocrine glands) & the testes secrete the most important of the male hormones, testosterone .

Front 11

Androgens

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make hormones that help trigger the adolescent growth spurt and the development of the male sex organs, secondary sex characteristics, and sexual motivation.

Front 12

Ovaries (endocrine glands)

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produce larger quantities (in adolescent girls) of the primary female hormone, estrogen, and of progesterone.

Front 13

Estrogen

Back 13

increases dramatically at puberty, stimulating the production of growth hormone and the adolescent growth spurt. It is also responsible for the development of the breasts, pubic hair, and female sex organs and for the control of the menstrual cycles.

Front 14

Progesterone

Back 14

sometimes called the "pregnancy hormone" because it orchestrates bodily changes that allow conception and then support a pregnancy.

Front 15

Adrenal glands

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secrete androgen-like hormones that contributes to the maturation of the bones and muscles in both sexes.

Front 16

The maturation of adrenal glands during middle childhood results in

Back 16

sexual attraction well before puberty in both boys and girls and relates to sexual orientation in adulthood.

Front 17

In adulthood, thyroid hormones

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help the body's cells metabolize foods into usable nutrients

Front 18

In adulthood, adrenal glands

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help the body cope with stress.

Front 19

The endocrine system and the nervous system

Back 19

work together throughout the life span to keep the body on an even keel. Collaboratively, they are centrally involved in growth during childhood, physical and sexual maturation during adolescence, functioning over the life span, and aging later in life.

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Declines in levels of sex hormones are associated with

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menopause

Front 21

The nervous system consists of

Back 21

the brain and spinal cord and the neural tissues that extends into all parts of the body.

Front 22

Central nervous system

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brain and spinal cord

Front 23

Peripheral nervous system

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the neural tissue that extends into all parts of the body.

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Basic unit of the nervous system

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neuron .

Front 25

Neurons

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come in many shapes and sizes but have common features.

Front 26

Branching, bushy dendrites (neuron)

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receive signals from other neurons.

Front 27

The long axon of a neuron

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transmits electrical signals to other neurons or, in some cases, directly to a muscle cell.

Front 28

Synapse

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a tiny gap where the axon of one neuron makes a connection with another neuron.

Front 29

One neuron can either stimulate or inhibit the action of another neuron

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by releasing neurotransmitters stored at the ends of its axons.

Front 30

Myelin

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a fatty sheath that covers the axons of many neurons

Front 31

The process of myelination

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neurons becoming encased in the protective substance that speeds transmission- beings prenatally but continues for many years after birth.

Front 32

Progressive myelination

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of the pathways involved in attention and concentration helps explain why infants, toddlers, school-age children, and young adolescents have shorter attention spans than do older adolescents and adults.

Front 33

Continued myelination into adulthood

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may account for adults being more able than teenagers to integrate thoughts and emotions.

Front 34

At birth, the brain weighs about

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25% of its adult weight.

Front 35

By age 2 the brain weighs about

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75% of its adult weight.

Front 36

By age 5 the brain weights about

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90% of its adult weight.

Front 37

Genes and an individual's experiences influence

Back 37

the development of the brain early in life

Front 38

Plasticity of the brain

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it is responsive to the individual's experiences and can develop in a variety of ways.

Front 39

Brain is highly vulnerable to damage

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if it is exposed to drugs or diseases or deprived of sensory and motor experiences

Front 40

Brain is highly adaptable

Back 40

because it can recover successfully from injuries.

Front 41

The critical or sensitive period for brain development

Back 41

(the time when it proceeds most rapidly) is during the late prenatal period and early infancy.

Front 42

Lateralization (or asymmetry and specialization of functions)

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the specialization of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex of the brain; the functions controlled by the two hemispheres diverge.

Front 43

Left cerebral hemisphere

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analytic reasoning and language; the thinking side of the brain; controls the right side of the body and is adept at the sequential (step by step) processing needed for analytic reasoning and language processing.
GREATER activity in this hemisphere (specializes as infants listen to speech)

Front 44

Right cerebral hemisphere

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understanding spatial information, visual-motor information; the emotional side of the brain; controls the left side of the body and is skilled at the simultaneous processing of information

Front 45

Corpus callosum

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the super-highway of neurons connecting the halves of the brain

Front 46

Neurogenesis

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The process of generating new neurons, across the life span.

Front 47

Cephalocaudal principal

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growth occurs in a head-to-tail direction.

Front 48

Proximodistal principle of growth

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from center, outwards; can be seen during the prenatal period, when the chest and internal organs form before the arms, hands, and fingers.

Front 49

Orthogenetic principal of growth

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development starts globally and undifferentiated and moves towards increasing differentiation and hierarchical integration.

Front 50

Health is determined by both

Back 50

genetic and environment influences

Front 51

Changes in health involve

Back 51

both gains and loses.

Front 52

Newborn's typical weight and height

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20 inches long and 7-7.5pounds.

Front 53

The aging brain

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is gradual and mild degeneration occurs; greater loss in sensory-motor areas; plasticity is still possible.

Front 54

Main result of aging is

Back 54

slower processing

Front 55

Reflex

Back 55

an unlearned and involuntary response to a stimulus.

Front 56

REM sleep

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50% of the time for newborns; 25-30% by 6 months

Front 57

Locomotion

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movement from one place to another.

Front 58

Rhythmic sterotypies

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infants moving their bodies in repetitive ways- rocking, swaying, bouncing, mouthing objects, and banging their arms up and down.

Front 59

Dynamic systems theory

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states that developments take place over time through a "self-organizing" process in which children use the sensory feedback they receive when they try different movements to modify their motor behavior in adaptive ways.

Front 60

Adoplh and Avolio's walkway with adjustable slope

Back 60

they found that infants could adjust their walking to changes in both their body dimensions and the slope of the walkway; the toddlers were able to adjust their motor skills to adapt to rapid "growth" of their bodies and to changes in their environment; toddlers bent their knees and kept their upper bodies stiffly upright to maintain balance with heavier loads; also recognized when the walkway was too steep for save travel;infants are outfitted with weighted saddlebags to alter their body mass and center of gravity; parents stand at the end of the walkway and encourage their child to walk toward them.

Front 61

Congenital malformations

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defects that are present at birth, either from genetic factors or prenatal events; leading cause of death during the first year.

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Cross-perception (intermodal or cross-modal perception)

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is the ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing; exists in newborns and sharpens with experience in the first year.
Required in children's games that involve feeling objects hidden in a bag and identifying what they are by touch alone.

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Developmental Quotient

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Bayley scales: ages 2-30 months; correlations with Child IQ are low to zero; useful for diagnostic purposes. Bayley scales: standardized test to measure the mental, motor and behavioral progress of infants and young children.

Front 64

Best predictors of IQ

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Measures of information processing such as attention, speed of habituation, and preference for novelty.

Front 65

Study of "walkers"

Back 65

infants not using walkers sat up, crawled, and walked earlier; need sensory feedback to see feet.

Front 66

Adolescent growth spurt

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is triggered by an increase in the level of growth hormones circulating through the body during adolescence.

Front 67

Adrenarche

Back 67

a period of increased production of adrenal hormones that normally precedes increased production of gonadal hormones associated with puberty.

Front 68

Menarche

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the first menstruation, normally between 11 and 14 years old with an average of 12 years old.

Front 69

Semenarche

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a boy's first ejaculation.

Front 70

Secular trend

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the historical trend in industrialized societies toward earlier maturation and greater body size.

Front 71

Psychological implications

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girls become concerned with appearance; negative views about menstruation; boys likely to welcome the changes; family relationships remain important

Front 72

Ageism

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stereotypes such as forgetful, unattractive, sickly, and dependent can lead to this; prejudice against elderly people; most elderly adults have internalized negative views but believe they apply to other older adults and not to themselves.

Front 73

The Nun Study

Back 73

678 nuns were studied because they were very similar with respect to SES, housing, health care, and diet; annual mental and physical testing; donated their brains after death. Outcomes: level of education affected longevity and health, those who were physically and mentally active lived longer and healthier.

Front 74

Life span

Back 74

upper boundary of life, maximum number of years an individual can live

Front 75

Life expectancy

Back 75

number of years that an average person born in a particular year will probably live.

Front 76

Sensation

Back 76

the process by which sensory receptor neurons detect information and transmit it to the brain.

Front 77

Perception

Back 77

the interpretation of sensory input; recognizing what you see, understanding what is said to you, knowing the odor you have detected is a steak, etc.

Front 78

Constructivists

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nurture side; perceptions of the world are constructed over time through learning; understanding the input coming through our senses requires interacting with the environment and "learning to infer the meanings of our sensations"

Front 79

Nativists

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nature side; perception is NOT created by interpreting external input, instead innate capabilities and maturational programs are the driving forces in perceptual development; perception is direct- it does NOT require interpretation based on previous experience.

Front 80

Habituation

Back 80

the process of learning to be bored with a stimulus; losing interest in a stimulus if it is presented repeatedly; discrimination learning- decreased responsiveness to a stimulus. If an infant is presented with a blue circle multiple times it will become bored and look away, but when the infant is presented with a red circle and the infant REGAINS interest then we know that the infant has discriminated between two stimuli.

Front 81

Preferential looking

Back 81

duration of looking at one of a pair; infant is presented with two stimuli at the same time. A preference for one over the other (looking at one stimuli longer) indicates that the infant discriminates between the two stimuli.
3.5 month-olds looked longer at the IMPOSSIBLE event (toy mouse on the track).

Front 82

Evoked potentials

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recorded as a child looks or hears; the electrodes and computer record the brain's response to the stimuli presented so that researchers can "see" what is going on inside the brain.

Front 83

Operant conditioning

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infants can learn to suck faster or turn their head to one side when a certain stimulus is presented if they are reinforced fir that response.

Front 84

Newborns prefer

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an upright face over an upside-down face and prefer a top-heavy configuration over a bottom-heavy configuration but do NOT show a preference for an upright face when paired with a top-heavy configuration.

Front 85

Visual acuity

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the ability to perceive detail; at birth a newborns' ability to perceive detail is 40 times worse than an adult's; infants can see bold patterns with sharp light-dark contrasts.

Front 86

Visual accommodation

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the ability of the lens of the eye to change shape to bring objects at different distances into focus.

Front 87

Infants are attracted to pattens that

Back 87

have a large amount of light-dark transition (contour), sharp boundaries between light and dark areas, displays that are dynamic (as opposed to static) or contain movement, and moderately complex patterns. Because infants have small eyes, it has poor visual acuity, so it will see a big dark blob if looking at a highly complext pattern, but will see the moderately complex checkerboard somewhat.

Front 88

Size constancy

Back 88

recognizing that an object is the same size despite changes in its distance from the eyes.

Front 89

Depth perception and the visual cliff

Back 89

an experience crawler (around 7 months) clearly perceive depth and are afraid of drop-offs so they will not cross the cliff. An infant can perceive the cliff by 2 months (slower heart rate on the deep side than the shallow side), but they have not yet learned to fear drop-offs because they have not learned to crawl (FEAR OF DROP-OFFS REQUIRE CRAWLING).

Front 90

Intuitive theories

Back 90

organized systems of knowledge that allow infants to make sense of the world.

Front 91

Newborns and hearing

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attracted toward softer sounds, prefer high pitch or soprano voices, less sensitive to sound pitch

Front 92

Phonemes

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basic speech sounds

Front 93

Newborns and taste

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can distinguish sweet, bitter, and sour tastes and show a preference for sweets.

Front 94

Facial expressions reflect

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taste.

Front 95

Olfaction

Back 95

sensory receptors for smell; located in the nasal passage; newborns cry and turn away from unpleasant smells; breast-fed babies recognize mother's smell by their breasts or underarms.

Front 96

Premature babies and touch

Back 96

if they are systematically stroked over their entire body they gain more weight and exhibit more relaxed behavior and more regular sleep patterns than babies who are not stroked.

Front 97

Sensitive period

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a window of time during which an individual is more affected by experience and thus has a higher level of plasticity than at other times throughout life

Front 98

Selective attention

Back 98

deliberately concentrating on one thing while ignoring something else