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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Constructivists
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Nurture
Perception constructed thinking Declines due to environmental influences |
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Nativists
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Nature
Perception doesn't need interpretation Declines due to aging |
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Ways to study infant perception
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Habituation, preferential looking, evoked potentials, operant conditioning
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Infant vision
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Detect brightness at birth, visual acuity inches
6-12 mos visual accommodation (close to far objects) 2-3 mos color vision |
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Integrating sensory information
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Cross modal perception, 3 months oral visual matching
4-7 months match all senses |
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Influences on perceptual development
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Nature- early perceptions
Nurture- Stimulation needed 0-4 mos immediate environment 5-7 mos explore w/ eyes, hands 9+ mos distal environment |
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Cognition
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process through which knowledge is acquired and problems solved
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Piaget
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genetic epistemology- how humans come to know reality
constructivist |
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Functional invariance
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content of though changes over time but process function constantly
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Sensorimotor stage
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Birth-2
1. 0-1 mo reflex activity 2. 1-4 mo primary circulatory reaction (own body) 3. 4-8 mo secondary circulatory reaction (object) 4. 8-12 mo problem solving, intention 5. 12-18 mo tertiary circulatory explore actions to produce outcome 6. 18-24 mo start using symbols |
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Preoperational stage
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2-7 years
perceptual salience (focus on most obvious feature of object egocentrism conservation |
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Aspects of conservation
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decentration vs. centration
reversibility vs irreversible thought transformational vs static thought relating parts to class |
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Concrete operations stage
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7-11 years
seriation: mentally arranging items along a dimension transivity: relations among elements in a series |
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Formal operations stage
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12+
hypothetical deductive reasoning general to specific decontextual thinking, seperate prior knowledge from current task |
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Adolescent egocentrism
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in formal operations
cant differentiate own thoughts from others imaginary audience- confuse own thoughts with those of supposed audience personal fable- think own thoughts are unique |
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Strengths of piaget
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stimulated research, correct about cog development
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Weaknesses of piaget
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underestimated abilities, focused on performance not competence, not stage growth, social left out
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Vygotsky
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zone of proximal development, guided participation learning (culture), tools of thought
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Encoding
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sensory register, fleeting memory
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Implicit memory
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unintentional, automatic, info from everyday experiences, doesn't change
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Explicit memory
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deliberate, effortful
tested with recognition and recall gets better |
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Infants memory
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imitation by 6 weeks, deferred imitation by 6 months
habituation at birth operant conditioning, cue dependent and context specific |
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Four hypothesis for memory improvement
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1. changes in basic ability
2. change in memory strategies 3. changes in knowledge about memory 4. changes in world knowledge |
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Childhood amnesia
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before 2-3
lack of language fuzzy trace theory: can't focus on specifics as get older |
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Executive control system
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selection from storage, planning
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Difficulties for kids problem solving
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focus on wrong details, can't hold info in working memory
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Theory for change in problem solving
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Piaget- new cog structures
Siegler- best strategy wins out rule assessment |
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Best predictions of IQ
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attention, habituation speed, novelty preference, information processing speed
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IQ test with MA/CA
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Stanford Binet
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Verbal, performance, full scale IQ test?
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Wechsler
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How problems solved IQ test?
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Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
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How quickly learning occurs test?
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Dynamic assessment approach
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Development IQ test?
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Developmental quotient (DQ)
Bayley scales |
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Cumulative deficit hypothesis
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impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and negative effects accumulate over time
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Two causes of mental retardation
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Organic and cultural-famililal
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Test for high iq, creativity and commitment
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Renzulli
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