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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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multi directional means
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going several ways , increas and decline
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fluid intelligence
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raw info processing capabilities. natural capabilities, born with, builds thru mid 30's then declines
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crystalized intel.
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builds to 70's then declines
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plastic intel
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to change , be adaptive, ability to compensate
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contextual
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muliplicity of context
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3 influences related to context capabilities
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1) age graded influence (biological and envrion.)
2) normative- history graded influence (historical events influence peoples beliefs and actions) ex. great depression/finances 3) non normative-(highly individualized life events |
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non normative biological and environmental examples
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bio( menstrual cycle, puberty)
envir.( entry to school, childhood preg., winning lottery) |
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contemporary concerns
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healt and well being, parenting and education, sociocultural cintext/diversity ( ethnicity, socioeconomicstatus, gender)
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8 periods of development
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1)prenatal- conception to birth, 2) infancy(todlerhood)- birth to 1yr then 1 yr to 2yrs ( general 1yr to walking)
3)early childhood-2/3 to 5/6 (preschool years)(play years) 4) middle childhood 6-11 yrs (schooling, social aspects(relationships) "fitting in" more to females then males 5) adolescence 10-20yrs (physical and sexual maturation) 6) ealry adulthood 20-40 yrs (intamacy vs isolation)(carreer, dchild rearing) 7) middle adulthood 40-60 yrs (hieght of earning power, parent to parents) 8) late adult hood 60-> (retirement , health issues) |
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nature vs nurture
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nature= biological inheritance
nurture= environmental |
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What his development
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The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through human life span
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What is the traditional approach
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The study of developments emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescents but little or no change in adulthood and declining in old A GE
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What is a lifespan of approach
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Emphasizes developmental changes throughout adulthood as well as child HOO D
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What is the upper boundary of human life
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122 years
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What is multidirectional development
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Dimensions that expand while others shrink
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What is plastic development
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Plasticity is the capacity for change
Example you can still improve your intellectual skills when you're in your seventies or eighties |
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What is contextual development
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The fact that development occurs it in context for setting include families schools churches city's neighborhood university labs countries and so on
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What are normative age graded influences
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Similar for individuals in a particular age group include biological processes such as puberty and menopause
Also include socio cultural environmental processes such as formal education retirement |
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Normative history graded influences
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common to people of particular generation because historical circumstances
Example great depression world war two Cuban missile crisis |
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What are normative life events
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Unusual occurrences that had a major impact on the individual's life
Example death of apparent adolescent pregnancy winning the lottery |
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What are the three goals of human development
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Growth maintenance regulation of Loss
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What are the four concepts of socio cultural contents
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Culture and ethnicity socioeconomic status and gender
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Define culture
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Behavior patterns beliefs and all other products of a particular group of people have passed on from generation to generation
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Define ethnicity
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Cultural heritage nationality race religion and language
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Define gender
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The psychological and socio cultural dimensions of being female or male
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Define biological processes
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Physical nature genes inherited from your parents development of the brain ETC
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Cognitive process definition
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Changes the individuals are intelligent and language
Examples watching a colorful mobile swing above the crib, putting together a two word sentence memorizing a poem |
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What is socio emotional processes
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Changes in individual relationships with other people changes in emotion changes in personality
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What is a developmental period
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The timeframe in a person's life that is characterized by certain features
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What is the prenatal period
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From conception to birth. Approximately nine months.
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Infancy period
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From birth to 18 or 24 months, right where it's symbolic fall sensory motor coordination and social learning
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Early childhood period
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End of the infancy to age five or six. Also known as preschool years. Become self sufficient and care for themselves, school readiness skills. First grade marks the end of the early childhood
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Middle childhood period
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From ages 6 to 11 approximately elementary school years. Fundamental school skills. Achievement become central theme of the child's world, and self control increases
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Adolescence period
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Begins 10-12 years and was 18 to 22. Transition from childhood to early adulthood. Rapid physical change. Pursuit of independence. Thoughts are more logical abstract and idealistic.
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Early adulthood period
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Late teens through the thirties. Establishes personal and economic independence, career development, and selecting mate, learns to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, rearing children,
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Middle adulthood period
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40 to 60. Expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility, assist in the next generation, satisfaction career.
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Late adulthood period
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Sixties until death. Time of life for review, retirement, and just mention new social rules involving decreasing strength and health.
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What are the four ages of lifespan development
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First age: childhood and adolescence
Second age: prime adult hood, twenties through fifties Third age: 60 to 79 Fourth age: eighties and older |
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What is psychological age
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And individuals adaptive capacities compared to those of other individuals have the same chronological age
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What is nature vs. nurture
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Nature is-and organisms biological inheritance.
Nurture is-this environmental experiences |
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Continuity discontinuity issue
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Continuity-gradual cumulative change
Discontinuity-distinct stages |
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What are psychoanalytic theories
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Development has primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion
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What are freud's five stages of psychosexual development
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Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and general.
He believed that are adult adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and in demands of reality |
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What did Erickson believe
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Developmental change occurs throughout a lifespan as opposed to freud's early childhood development
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What are erickson's eight stages of development
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Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. Identity confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generatiavity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair |
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Trust vs. mistrusts definition
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1st stage. First year of life. Just in infancy sets the stage for lifelong expectation that the world will be good
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Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
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2nd stage. Late infancy and toddler hood 1-3 years
Infants begin to discover their behavior is their own assert their sense of independence or autonomy |
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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Stage 3. Preschool years. Widening social whirl face new challenges that require active purposeful responsible behavior
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Industry vs. inferiority
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4th stage. Elementary school years. Children need to direct their energy towards mastering knowledge in intellectual skills
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Identity vs. Identity confusion
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Stage 5. Adolescent years they find out who they are what they are all about and where they're going in life
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Intimacy vs. isolation
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6th stage early adulthood years forms intimate relationships
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Generativity vs. stagnation
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7 stage primarily a concern for helping the younger generation develop
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Integrity vs. despair
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8 stage. Person reflects on the past
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What do cognitive theories emphasize
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Conscious thought
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What are the three important cognitive theories
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piagets cognitive developmental theory,vygotskys socio cultural cognitive theory, information processing theory
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what is piagets cognitive developmental theories stages
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Sensory motor stage (birth to about two years. Construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical motor actions)
Pre operational stage (2 to 7 years of age represent the world with words and images and drawings) Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 operations that involve objects and can reason logically when reasoning can be applied to specific and concrete example) Formal operational stage (11 to 15 years think in abstract and logical terms adolescence develop images of ideal circumstances think about an ideal parent and compare their parents to the standard, and retain possibilities for future |
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vygotsky socio cultural cognitive theory
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Cognitive development involves learning to use the inventions of society, children's social interaction with more skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development this is the way they've learned.
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Information proscessing theory iswhat
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Development is not stage like instead it is gradually increasing capacity for processing information, thinking is information proscessing when individuals perceive to encode represent store and retrieve information
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What is social and behavioral cognitive theories
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Development described in terms of behaviors learned through interactions with the environment emphasize continuity in development and argue that development does not occur in the stage like fashion
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Skinner's operant conditioning what is it
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The belief that consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behaviors occurrence. The behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to reoccur. Behavior with a negative stimulus RE action less likely to occur
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banduras social cognitive theory is what
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Polls that behavior environment and person cognitive factors are the key factors in development
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what is the ethological theory
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Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced biology is time to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. Specific time frames during which the presence or absence of certain experiences having long lasting influence on individuals
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what is bronfenbrenners ecological theory. What are the five environments
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Development reflects the influence of several environmental systems.
Micro System, meso system, xo system, macro system, chronosystem |
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What is the microsystem
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Persons family tiers school and neighborhood most direct interactions
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What is the meso system
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Relations between Micro Systems work connections between contexts.
Relation of family experiences to school experience and |
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What is an exosystem
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Links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role on the individuals immediate context.
Example. Child's experience at home may be enforced by mothers experience at work |
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What is a macro system
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Culture in which we live behavior patterns beliefs and all other products of a group of people passed from generation to generation, beliefs, laws, customs
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what is a chronosystem
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Patterning of environmental and events in transitions for the life course, socio historical circumstances for example if divorce has a transition
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And what are the methods for collecting data
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Observation, survey an interview, standardized tests, case study, physiological measures, experimental, correlation, experience sampling
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What is descriptive research
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To observe and record behavior
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What is correlational research
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Provides information that will help us to predict how people behave, the goal is to describe the strength of the relation between two or more events are characteristics
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What is the cross sectional approach
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Simultaneously compares individuals of different ages at 1 point in time
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What is the longitudinal approach
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Same individuals are studied over a long period of time
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what is klinefelter syndrom
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XXY pattern, affects boys, look normal, underdeveloped testis, at puberty grow breasts, language in learning disability, low sperm production, low sperm count
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What is Turner's syndrome
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Anatomically female, XO pattern, stunted growth, generally sterile, reduction in spatial ability, equal or above average verbal skills
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Fragile X syndrome
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Results from an abnormal ex chromosome becomes constricted and often breaks reduced intellectual ability
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Xy Y syndrome
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male with an extra Y chromosome, appears normal can have kids, have large teeth, tall.
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What is poly dactylic
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Additional digits
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Males produce how many sperm per day
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300,000,000
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How many male sperm cells are ejected late at one time, how long do they live
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360,000,000, live two or three days
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How many days is the window for conception
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2-3
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Definition of infertility
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In ability to conceive after 12 months of intercourse
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Early signs of pregnancy R what, what triggers these responses
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Nausea, dizziness, breast sensitivity, tired, increased urination, headaches.
Increase progesterone |
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What is common to the first trimester
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1 to 3 months, increased morning sickness
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what is a couvade
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Man's accompanying morning sickness
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Morning sickness is most intense during when
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Organ formation
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\ how many hours does cell division take place after fertilization
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24-36
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How many days after fertilization does a blastocyst form
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Five days after fertilization
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How long is the germinal period
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1-2 weeks after fertilization
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What are the three periods of prenatal development
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Germinal, embryonic, fetal
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What are the prenatal diagnostic tests
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Ultrasound, chorionic villi (SAMPLEOF THE PLACENTA)sampeling, amniocentesis,
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What can an amniocentesis do
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Detect birth defects
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Explain the germinal PERIOD
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Firsts two weeks after conception, creation of the fertilized egg (Zygote), cell division, attach to the uterine wall, the end of period, 10 danish 14 days.
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What is a blastocyst
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The air mass of cells that will develop in to the embryo
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What is the tropoblast
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Outer layer of cells which provide nutrients and support for the embryo
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What is the embryonic.
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2-8 weeks, increased rate of cell differentiation, begins as the blast assist attaches to the uterine wall, organo- genesis begins (first two months)
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Every part develops in what three layers
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Endo,ecto,meso- derm
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endoderm creates what
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Digestive and respiratory system
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mesoderm creates what
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B-MERC- bone, muscle, excretory, reproductive, circulatory
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ectoderm creates what
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Skin and sensory receptors, ears and nose.
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What are the three major support systems in pregnancy
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Amnion (bag containing clear fluid which feeders floats in)
Umbilical cord (connects maybe two placenta, two arteries and one vein, 16-24 inches long |
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What is the placenta
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Disk shape group of tissues, small blood vessels between mother and child, intertwined that do not mix, 8 inches wide by 1 inch thick
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What is amniotic fluid
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99% water, 1% blood plasma lipids and other substances, 2 pints decreasing to 1pint at term, temperature and humidity control and shockproof
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What is the fetal period
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Two months to term seven months total, the growth in finishing phase
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What happens at 1 month into the fetal phase
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Placenta developed, heart beat detected, neural tube is formed
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What happened two months in the fetal phase
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End of the embryonic.period
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What happens three months into the fetal phase
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The sexs is detectable through ultrasound, facial profile is well defined, major organ formation is complete
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If what happens for months into the fetal phase
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First fetal movement is felt called the quickening
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What happens at six months into the fetal phase
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Age of viability, 24-27 weeks
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What happens at seven months into the fetal phase
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Functioning of the heart and kidneys step up approximately three pounds
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What happens at eight months into the fetal phase
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Babies turns repositioning, fetal position,
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What happens at nine months into the fetal phase
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Engagement movement of the baby's head to uterine canal cervix begins to dilate
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Which are more vulnerable at at birth boys or girls
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Boys
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Which are more resilient boys and girls
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Girls
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waht is a teratogen
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Chemicles that may affects development of the organism, anything that causes a birth defect
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What infects the severity and type of affirmation with a teratogen
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Size of DOS, time of exposure, genetic susceptibility
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How can a mother transmit a teratogen
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Placenta, delivery, breastfeeding
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What is the consequence of exposure during the fetal period, to a teratogen
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Increase chance to stop growth and the fact organ function
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what is a thalidomide
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tranq, for morning sickness, administered at 4 to 6 weeks result that in missing arms arms not full full length to whether the hands,phocomelia
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waht is diethylstilbestrol
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It's a synthetic hormone, causes cancer of the vagina and sterility
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what is toxoplasma gandi
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The bacterial and parasite, causes inflammation to the head, fever, treatment is an anti malaria drug
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What are symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
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Smaller had, facial abnormalities (flat upturned nose, cleft palate short islets, then upper lip, white spaced small I's) small had equal small brain
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What effects to nicotine have during pregnancy
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Decreased oxygen and nutrition supplied to the baby, respected blood vessels
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What affects does marijuana have during pregnancy
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Low testosterone in Males low birth weight
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What effects does cocaine have during pregnancy
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Small baby small head size increased startle reactions increased irritability
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What can malnutrition during pregnancy result in
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Damage to the central nervous system, ward and structural distortions, suppressing immune system, function and development of the fetus,
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What can working out excessively during pregnancy cause
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Low birth weight
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What does the emotional distress during pregnancy cause
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Increased cortisol, immune system problems
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What is morfan syndrom
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Connective tissue disorder, had an end of form the base, abnormal skeletonlong thin fingers, tall,
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What are the stages of childbirth
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1) dilation and effacement of the cervix
2) transition, peak contractions cervix totally dilated |
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What is apgar
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Assess his health at one and 5 minutes after birth, A equals appearance, P equals pulse (100 dash 140) G equal grimace, a = activity, R = respiration effort
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Brazelton (nabs) survey
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26-36 hours after birth, up to two years, assess is normal reflexes responses
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What is normal birth weight
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6.6-11 pounds
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What constitutes a premature birth
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35 weeks or less gestation
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What is involution
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Shrinking of the uterus
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After pregnancy how long is the menstrual cycle delayed
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1-2 months
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How long after birth as the baby blues begin
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1-3 days after delivery, should subside in 1-2 weeks, feelings have anxiety upset and depression
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When his baby blues considered postpartum depression
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If the last for weeks after birth
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