Lifespan Exam 1

Front 1

Motor Development

Back 1

Continuous, age related process of change in movement as well as the interacting constraints in the individual, environment, and task that drive these changes

Front 2

Motor Learning

Back 2

relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience

Front 3

Motor Control

Back 3

study of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement

Front 4

Physical growth

Back 4

increase in size or body mass resulting form an increase in complete, already formed body parts

Front 5

Maturation

Back 5

Qualitative advance in biological makeup and may refer to cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition rather than size alone

Front 6

Aging

Back 6

process, occurring with passage of time that leads to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death

Front 7

Constraint

Back 7

characteristic of the individual environment, or task that encourages some movements while discouraging others

Front 8

Individual constraints

Back 8

person's unique physical and mental characteristics

Front 9

Structural constraints

Back 9

individual constraints related to body's structure

Front 10

Functional constraints

Back 10

individual constraints related to behavioral function

Front 11

Environmental constraints

Back 11

constraints related to world around us

Front 12

Task constraints

Back 12

goals and rule structure of a particular movement

Front 13

Longitudinal research study

Back 13

same individuals or group is observed performing the same tasks or behaviors on numerous occaisions over a long time

Front 14

Cross-sectional research study

Back 14

developmental change is inferred by observing individuals or groups of varying ages at one point in time

Front 15

cohort

Back 15

group whose members share a common characteristic (ie: age or experience)

Front 16

Mixed-longitudinal or sequential research study

Back 16

several age groups are observed at one time or over a shorter time span, permitting observation of an age span that is longer than the observation period

Front 17

Maturationists

Back 17

Believe that genetics and heredity are primarily responsible for motor development and that the environment has little effect. Leads people to believe that motor skills will automatically develop regardless of differing environments.

Front 18

Information processing perspective

Back 18

the brain acts like a computer, taking in information, processing it, and outputting movement. Motor learning and development occur as result of some external or environmental output

Front 19

Ecological Perspective

Back 19

takes into account many constraints or systems that exist both in the body (ie: cardiovascular) and outside the body (ie: ecosystem related/enviorment) when observing the development of motor skills across the life span

Front 20

Dynamical systems approach

Back 20

Branch of ecological systems perspective. organization of physical and chemical systems constrains behavior. Body is not hardwired

Front 21

Rate Limiter or Controller

Back 21

individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill. Part of Dynamical systems approach

Front 22

Perception-Action approach

Back 22

Branch of ecological systems approach. Close interrelationship exists between the perceptual system and motor system-evolve together in humans. Cannot study perception independent of movement if you are trying to be "ecologically valid"

Front 23

Affordance

Back 23

when a person looks at an object, her or she directly perceives the function that the object will allow, based both on his or her body and on the objects size, shape, texture, etc. Basically sizing up the object. Part of perception-action approach

Front 24

Body Scaling

Back 24

Process of changing the dimensions of the environment or an environmental object in relation to the structural constraints of a performer. Altering an object to fit needs of person-adaptability. An activity may become easier or harder if equipment size is changed relative to person's body size

Front 25

Differentiation

Back 25

process wherein cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs

Front 26

Hyperplasia

Back 26

increase in absolute number of cells

Front 27

Hypertrophy

Back 27

increase in relative size of an individual cell

Front 28

Cephalocaudal

Back 28

direction of growth beginning at head and extending toward the lower body

Front 29

Proximodistal

Back 29

direction of growth proceeding from the body toward the extremities

Front 30

Prenatal development

Back 30

Embryonic growth: conception to 8wks

fFetal growth: from 8wks to birth

Front 31

Plasticity

Back 31

modifiability, or maleability in regard to growth it is the ability of tissues to subsume functions otherwise carried out by other tissues

-Cells of CNS have high degree of plasticity-can be modified by prenatally and postnatally

Front 32

Congenital defects

Back 32

anomalies present at birth, regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic

Front 33

Teratogen

Back 33

any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure

Front 34

Age at takeoff

Back 34

is age at which the rate of growth begins to increase

Front 35

Physiological maturation

Back 35

developmental process leading to a state of full function

Front 36

Secondary sex characteristics

Back 36

aspects of forma or structure appropriate to males or females; often used to assess physiological maturity in adolescents

Front 37

Anthropometry

Back 37

science of measurement of human physical form

Front 38

Catch-up Growth

Back 38

relatively rapid physical growth of the body to recover some or all potential growth lost during a period of negative extrinsic influence. It occurs once the negative influence is removed