Lifespan Development Lecture 1 Theories And Scientists

Front 1

What is a psychodynamic theory?

Back 1

- behaviour determined by motives and drives that are internal and often unconscious
- Development occurs in a sequence of universal stages
- Freud's work

Front 2

What is a major psychodynamic theory?

Back 2

- Erikson's Theory

Front 3

What did Erikson propose determined personality development?

Back 3

- internal maturation plan
- external societal demands

Front 4

What are the first four stages of Psychosocial development in Erikson's Theory?

Back 4

1. Trust vs. Mistrust, Birth to 1 year
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, 1 to 3
3. Initiative vs. guilt 3-6 years
4. Industry vs. inferiority, 6 years to adolescence
5. Identity vs. Identity confusion, Adolescence

Front 5

What are the last 4 stages of psychosocial development in Erikson's theory?

Back 5

6. Intimacy vs. isolation, Young adulthood
7. Generativity vs. stagnation, middle adulthood
8. Integrity vs. despair, late life

Front 6

In Eriksons opinion what is the challenge of Middle adulthood?

Back 6

To contribute to younger people, through child rearing, child care, or other productive work

Front 7

In Erikson's opinion what is the challenge of Young adulthood?

Back 7

To commit to another in a loving relationship

Front 8

In Erikson's opinion what is the challenge of adolescence?

Back 8

To develop a lasting, integrated sense of self.

Front 9

What does the epigenetic principle mean when referring to Erikson's theory?

Back 9

- each psychosocial strength has its own special time of ascendancy or period of particular importance

Front 10

What does learning theory focus on?

Back 10

- how learning influences a person's behaviour
- Emphasizes experience and whether there is reward or punishment

Front 11

What are two influential learning theories?

Back 11

- Behaviourism
- Bandura's social cognitive learning theory

Front 12

What did psychologist John Watson believe about learning theory?

Back 12

- blank slate, all that mattered in determining the course of development was experience

Front 13

Explain operant conditioning:

Back 13

- Studied by BF Skinner
- consequences of a behaviour determine whether that behaviour is repeated
- Based on reinforcement and punishment

Front 14

What is positive reinforcement?

Back 14

-giving a reward

Front 15

What is negative reinforcement?

Back 15

- taking away unpleasant things as a reward

Front 16

What is a punishment?

Back 16

- a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
- Positive is punishing with nagging or adding something aversive
- Negative is withholding a pleasant event

Front 17

What is social learning theory?

Back 17

- deals with the fact that not all learning is done through operant conditioning also done through imitation

Front 18

Based on social learning theory what makes people more likely to imitate someone?

Back 18

- people are more likely to imitate people that are popular, smart or talented

Front 19

Why is Bandura's theory cognitive?

Back 19

- because he believes that people actively try to understand what goes on in their world

Front 20

Based on Bandura's theory what does the term self-efficacy refer to?

Back 20

- self-efficacy beliefs help people determine when they will imitate others
- e.g. athletically talented individual will copy pro athlete when not athletic individual will not

Front 21

What is Bandura's view of reward and punishment with imitation?

Back 21

- people do not mechanically copy others they instead look for information about appropriate behaviour
- they are more likely to copy rewarded behaviours that they see

Front 22

What is a cognitive development theory?

Back 22

- looks at how people think
- how thinking changes over time
- aka emphasizes the development of various thought processes as we mature

Front 23

What are two variations of the cognitive development theory?

Back 23

- Thinking develops in stages
- Information-Processing Theory

Front 24

What is Jean Piaget cognitive stage theory?

Back 24

- children naturally try to make sense of their world
- create theories that are tested daily by experience
- theories are changed at critical points in development (2, 7, 12)

Front 25

What are Piagets four stages of cognitive development?

Back 25

1. Sensorimotor, 0-1
2. Preoperational thought, 2-6
3. Concrete operational thought, 7- adolescence
4. Formal operational thought, Adolescence and beyond
4.

Front 26

What does Kohlberg's Theory deal with?

Back 26

- theory of moral reasoning on the foundation of Piagets more general theory
- fixed stages that reflect the way people deal with moral dilemmas

Front 27

What is an information theorist?

Back 27

- use computers as a model
- Mental hardware (seonsory, STM, LTM)
- Mental software (encoding, storage, retrieval)

Front 28

What is the ecological and systems approach?

Back 28

- Interconnection of entire environment
- no single aspect can explain development

Front 29

What are some important ecological approaches?

Back 29

- Brofenbrenner's Ecological Approach

Front 30

How does Brofenbrenner divide the environment?

Back 30

microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems

Front 31

What do microsystems consist of?

Back 31

- people and objects in the immediate environment

Front 32

What do Mesosystems consist of?

Back 32

- connect microsystems
- work, school, friends

Front 33

What do exosystems consist of?

Back 33

- Government and social policy
- Parents social network
- Parents places of employment
- social setting not experience first hand

Front 34

What do macrosystems consist of?

Back 34

- cultures and subcultures in which micro, macro, and exosystems are embedded
- ethnic group, historical events, culture

Front 35

What are the perspectives that deal with adult development?

Back 35

- Life-span perspective, selective optimization with compensation, and the life course perspective

Front 36

What does the Life span perspective deal with?

Back 36

- adults experiences involve their personal past
- to understand an adult one must look at their entire life

Front 37

What is selective optimization with compensation?

Back 37

- a system that regulates development and ageing
- selecting a focus
- focusing more on that selection
- adjust that focus to the remaining or dominant strengths (compensation)

Front 38

What is the life course perspective?

Back 38

- looks at the ways in which different generations experience forces of development in their historical contexts

Front 39

What are the four key features of the lifespan perspective?

Back 39

- Multidirectionality
- Plasticity
- Historical Context
- Multiple causation