Lifespan Development Chapter 5

Front 1

Schemes

Back 1

Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

Front 2

Assimilation

Back 2

Piagetian concept of using existing schemes to deal with new information

Front 3

Accommodation

Back 3

Piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences

Front 4

Equilibration

Back 4

A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next

Front 5

Sensorimotor stage

Back 5

Piaget's stage that lasts from birth to two years of age - infants construct an understanding of the world through sensory experiences and motor actions

Front 6

Piaget divided the sensorimotor stages into how many substages?

Back 6

6

Front 7

What are the substages of the sensorimotor stages?

Back 7

1 Simple reflexes, 2 first habits and primary circular reactions, 3 secondary circular reactions, 4 coordination of secondary circular reactions, 5 tertiary circular reactions, 6 novelty and curiosity, internalization of schemes

Front 8

Simple reflexes

Back 8

the first month after birth - sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors such as rooting and sucking

Front 9

First habits and primary circular reactions

Back 9

1 month to 4 months - the infant coordinates sensation and two types of schemes (primary circular reaction is a scheme base on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance)

Front 10

Secondary circular reactions

Back 10

4 to 8 months - infants become more object oriented moving beyond preoccupation with the self

Front 11

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Back 11

8 to 12 months - infant must coordinate vision and touch, eye and hand, actions become more outwardly directed

Front 12

Tertiary circular reactions

Back 12

12 to 18 months - infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things that they cn make happen to objects

Front 13

Novelty and curiosity, internalization of schemes

Back 13

18 to 24 months - the infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols

Front 14

Object permanence

Back 14

understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard or touched

Front 15

A-not-B error

Back 15

Erro that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place rather than the new hiding place

Front 16

Spelke endorses a Core Knowledge Approach, what does that mean?

Back 16

infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems

Front 17

Habituation

Back 17

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus

Front 18

Dishabituation

Back 18

increase responsiveness after a change in the stimulation

Front 19

What are the requirements of joint attention? When does it start to occur?

Back 19

ability to track another's behavior, one person's directing another's attention, reciprocal interaction. occurs at about 7 or 8 months

Front 20

Implicit memory

Back 20

memory without conscious recollection - performed automatically

Front 21

Explicit memory

Back 21

conscious remembering of facts and experiences

Front 22

When do babies start showing explicit memory?

Back 22

during the second half of the first year

Front 23

What is infantile amnesia?

Back 23

The inability to have memories before the age of 2 or 3 because the brain is not developed enough

Front 24

Deferred imitation

Back 24

imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days

Front 25

Phoneme

Back 25

the basic unit of sound in a language - smallest unit of sound that affects meaning

Front 26

Morpheme

Back 26

a minimal unit of meaning - it is a word or a part of a word that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts

Front 27

Syntax

Back 27

the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Front 28

Semantics

Back 28

meaning of words and sentences

Front 29

Pragmatics

Back 29

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

Front 30

Infants are "citizens of the world" until about what age?

Back 30

6 months

Front 31

When do babies first coo?

Back 31

2 to 4 months

Front 32

When do infants start using gestures?

Back 32

7 to 15 months.. a mean age of about 11 to 12 months

Front 33

The average 18 month old can speak about how many words?

Back 33

50 words

Front 34

Telegraphic speech

Back 34

short and precise words without grammatical markers

Front 35

Broca's area

Back 35

area in the brain's left frontal lobe that is involved in speech production

Front 36

Wernicke's area

Back 36

Part of the brains left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension

Front 37

Aphasia

Back 37

A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage

Front 38

Why is child-directed speech important?

Back 38

It helps capture the infant's attention and maintain communication