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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What crisis does Erik Erikson say adolescence face?
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Identiy vs. Role Confusion. Try many possible selves (career oriented usually). Role confusion= isolation. Identity: prepared to face establishing intimate relationships.
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What theorist said "identiy vs. role confusion"?
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Erik Erikson
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List identity statuses.
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(not necessarily in sequence) Diffusion: overwhelmed by choosing identity. Does not try.Foreclosure: parents decide. Moratorium: Examines alternatives. Achievement: Chosen an identity. |
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Adolescent egocetrism
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self-absorption. involved in search for identity. Believe others are focused on them
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imaginary audience
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think peers are constantly watching
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personal fable
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belief their feelings and experiences are unique and have never before been experienced by others
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illusion of invulnerability
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belief bad things won't happen to them
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crystalization
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Donald Super- first phase of career development, adolescents use their identities to form ideas about careers (eg. extroverted- imagine working with people)
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specification
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Donald Super- second phase, learn about specific lines of work, obtain training
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implementation
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Donald Super- third phase, enter workforce, learn about jobs first hand, may change jobs frequently
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Hollands personality types?
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Realistic- enjoy physical labor (mechanic)
Investigative- task oriented, thinking abstractly (scientist) Social= verbally and interpersonal skills (counselor) Conventional- structured well defined tasks given by others (bank teller) Enterprising- verbal skills in positions of power (business executive) Artistic- expressing through unstructured tasks (poet) |
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personality-type theory
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Holland- personality types fit certain jobs
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Adolescents who work more than ___ experience ___
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15-20, lower grades, mental and behavioral problems- anxiety and depression low paying monotonous job, misleading affluence- waste income
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adolescence limited anti-social behavior
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relatively minor criminal acts but art consistently antisocial, will grow out of it
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life-course persistent antisocial behavior
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early age, consistent throughout life, 5% of youth, account for most adolescent crime, heredity contributes, see the world as hostile and respond aggressively
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3 phases of ethnic identity
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initial disinterest, exploration, identity achievement- results in higher self esteem
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emerging adulthood
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late teens to mid to late 20's, not adolescents or adults
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rites of passage
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rituals marking initiation into adulthood, graduation and weddings
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role transition
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movement into the next stage of development, new responsibilities and duties. This is how we determine if a person has reached adulthood in Western culture (voting, marriage, full time employment)
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returning adult students
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college students over 25
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edgework
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living life on the edge, physically and emotionally threatening situations, drops in later adulthood
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binge drinking
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5 or more drinks in a row for men. 4 or more for women within the past two weeks
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addiction is present when
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withdrawal symptoms are experienced
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LDL's
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low density lip-proteins- cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries
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HDL's
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high density lipoproteins, help keep arteries clear and break down LDL's
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multidemensional
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identify several types of intelligence, most theories today are
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Multidirectionality
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Some aspects of intelligence improve others decline
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Interindividual variability
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Patterns of change that vary from one person to another (sternberg)
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Plasticity
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Intelligence is not fixed, can be modified under the right circumstances at any point in adulthood (sternberg)
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Primary mental abilities
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Groups of related intellectual skills (memory, spatial ability, number, word fluency, verbal mesning, inductive reasoning, spatial orientation) main 5
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Secondary mental abilities
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Broad intellectual skills that organize primary abilities- clusters of primaries
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Fluid intelligence
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Flexible, inferences, understand relations between concepts- declines with age
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Crystallized intelligence
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Acquired through life experience, trivia, culture, improves with age
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Parietofrontal integration theory
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Intelligence comes from a distrustributed and integrated network of nuerons in the PARIETAL and FRONTAL lobes- top of head and behind forehead. (Aka p-fit model)
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Post formal thought
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Correct answer varies from one situation to the next, solutions should be realistic, ambiguity and contradiction are typical, subjective factors play a role
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Reflective judgement
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Form of post formal thought. Adults reason through real life dilemmas, may have firm convictions but understand how and why others reach another conclusion
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Life span construct
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Sense of past present and future understanding of ones identity
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Scenerio
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Expectations of the future that is influenced by lifespan construct, game plan for how life will play out
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Social clock
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Setting deadlines for, way to track progress of goals
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Life story
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Daniel mcadams- personal narative that makes someone who they are
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Possible selves
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Represent what we could become what we want to becomes and who we are afraid of becoming
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Personal control beliefs
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Degree to which performance depends on your actions
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Primary control
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Behavior effects external world
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Secondary
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Behavior effects internal world
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Initial attraction determined by
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Proximity, familiarity, physical attractiveness (matching hypothesis- people pair up with equally attractive people) (assortive mating- partners find similar partners)
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Friendship
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Young adults have more friends than any other stage in life, (affective or emotional: trust and self disclosure. Shared or communal nature: shared interests. Sociability and comparability: source of entertainment and fun)
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Gender and friendships
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Women: more emotional and self disclosure. Men: activity and competition, shared interests. Cross sex friendships: can reduce dating anxiety for men, stress about how relationship is perceived
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Homogamy
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More in partners who met in school or religious setting, does not garantee happiness, openness to experience important factor, harder to maintain when younger due to changing identity
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3 components of love
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Sternberg: passion, intimacy (need to share thoughts and actions), commitment (good and bad times) passion alone= infatuation fatuas love= passion and commitment. Empty love= commitment alone. Companionate love= intimacy and Commitment. Romantic love= intimacy and passion. Liking= intimacy alone.
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Study of cultural differences in love (1989)
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David buss. Tradition vs. Western industrial values. Education and intelligence vs. Having a pleasing disposition. Chasitity: varies accross cultures. Accross 37 cultures 36/37 women valued money more. 29/37 women rated ambition/industrious as more important. 34/37 men rated attractiveness. All 37 cultures preferred youngee women.
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20-24 age ralationship status and gender race differences
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70% women single. 80% men. Men remain single longer. Twice as many black people single through adulthood than white people. SE Asia, adults single longer due to higher education
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3 reasons to cohabitate
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Part time or limited cohabitation: no commitment marriage is not goal, circumstantial. Pre-marital cohabitation: trial marriage. Substitute marriage: long term commitment no marriage. Common in older couples who will lose benefits of they don't marry.
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Homosexual relationship differences
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Less homogamy, less family support, otherwise the same
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Marital success. Marital quality. Marital adjustment. Global rating . Define.
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Success=umbrella term regarding any outcome. Marital quality: subjective evaluation of coupes relationship. Marital adjustment: accommodating needs of partner. Marital satisfaction: Global rating of entire marriage
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Teen marriage
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More likely to divorce. Need for identity is a factor.
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Exchange theory
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Relationships are based on people bringing what the other partner can't into the relationship
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marital satisfaction
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happiest in beginning, drops with children, raises when they leave. difficult children can lead to problems,
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Married singles
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couples grow apart but remain married
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Individualist and Collectivist cultural views on marriages
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Individualistic: marriage for love. Collectivist: arranged marriage, merging of families not just two people. love is expected to grow not be present form the start
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vulnerability stress adaptation model
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marital quality is a dynamic process resulting from the couples ability to handle stressful events in the context of their particular vulnerabilities and resources. Adaptability to marital stress=more successful marriage
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Familism
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families well being takes precedence over individual family members,
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How many pregnancies in US are unplanned? How much does it cost to raise child until 18? Childless couples?
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More than 50%. 25,000. Greater standard of living. More marital satisfaction. May be judged. Experience same marital decline as couples with children.
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Older parents?
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More at ease. Spend more time with babies. More affectionate. Men who become fathers in 30's spend 3X more time with preschool children.
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Women and parenting?
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70% employed but still do childrearing tasks
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Ethnic diversity and parenting?
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Native americans- assign roles to children, pass on cultural values within tribe. Lationa- emphasize familism. Extended family, multigenerational homes. share resources and roles in raising children
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Single parents
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70% african american births. 50% latino. Cuasues: high divorce rates, decision to keep children out of wedlock, fertility rates. Hard to balance work and home. Financial strains. Tend to feel guilty and overindulgent. Dating challenging.
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Step, foster, adoptive parents
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1/3 of families. Blended families = more mental health difficulties. Adopted children = feelings of rejection. Foster = hardest time maintaining bonds
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gay and lesbian parents
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children do not experience anymore problems, lesbian couples show more awareness of parenting skills, children less likely to be homophobic or sexist
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Divorce laws
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Until mid-sixties, adultery was the only grounds. No fault divorce laws make it unnecessary to cite "marital misconduct"
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Divorce Rates- age
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Under age 20: 3X more likely do get divorced than women in their 20s and 6X more likely than women in their 30s. Marrying later=better chance
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Divorce Rates- ethnicity
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Blacks and asians divorce after being married longer. Ethnically mixed marriages more likely to divorce
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Divorce timeline and reasons
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first seven years and midlife. Reasons: infidelity, incompatibility, drinking/drug use, growing apart. Communication issues: attack/defend style of conflicts, negative emotions during conflict, lack of caring/expression, affective nuetrality (feeilng detached), decay of friendship, money, parenting, values
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Predictors of Divorce- 4 horsemen
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Gottman" criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stone-walling
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risk factors for divorce
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Bill Doherty (U of M): young age, less education, less income, premarital cohabitation, premarital childbearing, no religious affiliation, parents' divorce, insecurity
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reasons given for divorce
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Bill Doherty (U of M): lack of commitment, too much arguing, infidelity, too young, unrealistic expectations, lack of equality in a relationship, lack of preparation for marriage, abuse
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effects of divorce
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dissappointed, misunderstood, rejected. hard to let go or find new friendships (divorce hangover) people with less preoccupation with ex spouse adjust better to single life.
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effects of divorce on children
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staying together for kids not good. emotional psychological problems will arise if exposed to chronic conflict. With divorce usually only problems for first year. only 25% think they should stay together for kids in US
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Covenant marriage
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Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana. premarital education programs, includes signing a declaration of intent, disclose reasons marriage may be in jeopordy, pledge to divorce only if: adultery, long prison sentence, or abuse. Will only divorce after extensive marriage counseling.
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Collaborative Divorce
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voluntary contractually based alternative dispute resolution process for couples who want to negotiate a resolution of their situation rather than having a ruling imposed upon them by a court. Beneficial- helps fathers stay involved
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Younger generations remarry at a ____ rate than older
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lower
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Holland types
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Realistic: engineer, pilot.
Investigative: psychologist, programmer, scientist. Artistic: creative. Social: helping careers Enterprising: political and economic achievements. leadership. politician Conventional: systematic concrete tasks. bank teller.
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Donald Super's theory
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occupations evolve in response to changes in person's self concept and how people adapt to an occupational role. proposed "vocational maturity": level of congruence occupational behaviors and what is expected.
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Donald Super's stages
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5 stages: Crystalization + specification in adolescence.
other 3 stages in adulthood: implementation (early 20's enter work force). Stabalization (20's and 30's, selection of career). Consolidation (Mid 30's. Advancing in one's career) |
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Alfred Adler
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LIfe tasks: work, love, community feeling.
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Meaning-mission fit
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the alignment between an executive's personal intentions and the company's mission, conducive to happiness and work satisfaction
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reality shock
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a situation in which what is learned in the classroom does not transfer directly into the real world, or not all you need to know.
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passion
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strong inclination toward an activity that individuals like, (or even love) that they value and thus find important and in which they invest time and energy
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Warren Buffet says what 3 factors make success?
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intelligence, initiative/energy, integrity
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Holland limitations?
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does not take into account that a lot of people do not have much choice/opportunities. men and women are different.
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Work values
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tend to remain stable over a lifetime. examples: helping others, prestige, etc.
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Robert Karasek
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Coping with job stress theory. Workers ability to exercise control over and influence work setting can reduce stress
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Better life index
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work life balance in USA and other countries
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Research on happiness. Least and most important factors
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Least: money, parenthood, age + gender, intelligence
Moderately: health, social activity, religion Most: love and marriage, career/work, personality |
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alienation
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feeling among workers when their work seems meaningless and their efforts devalued or when they see no connection between their work and the final product
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social cognitive career theory. 4 factors?
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proposes career choice is a result of the application of Bandura's social cognitive theory.
Proposes that 4 factors: self efficacy, outcome expectations, interests, and choice goals determine career path |
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glass ceiling, glass cliff
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glass ceiling: how far a woman may advance, glass cliff: when a leadership position is precarious
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