Life: The Science Of Biology 9Th Ed Chp 38

Front 1

Annuals

Back 1

complete life cycle in one year and have little or no secondary growth

Front 2

Anther

Back 2

part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen

Front 3

Antipodal cells

Back 3

group of cells, situated at the opposite end to the micropyle

Front 4

Apomixis

Back 4

Asexual production of seeds

Front 5

Bracts

Back 5

A leaflike or scalelike plant part, usually small, sometimes showy or brightly colored, and located just below a flower, a flower stalk, or an inflorescence

Front 6

Biennials

Back 6

two years to complete life cycle. first year, store carbohydrates. second year, stored carbohydrates are used to produce flowers and seeds

Front 7

Bulbs

Back 7

fleshy, modified leaves for food storage

Front 8

Cadastral genes

Back 8

refine floral organ identity gene expression within whorls

Front 9

Circadian oscillations

Back 9

components of the biological clocks that regulate the activities of organisms in relation to environmental cycles and provide an internal temporal framework

Front 10

Circadian rhythms

Back 10

a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes of living entities, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria

Front 11

Critical day length

Back 11

The period of daylight, specific in length for any given species, that appears to initiate flowering

Front 12

Critical night length

Back 12

The period of darkness, specific in length for any given species, that appears to initiate flowering

Front 13

Complete flower

Back 13

having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Front 14

Corms

Back 14

disc-like underground stems that consist primarily of stem tissue

Front 15

Cotyledon

Back 15

nutrient storage area in angiosperm seeds

Front 16

Day-neutral plants

Back 16

Do not rely on length of day or night to control flowering or other responses

Front 17

Dioecious

Back 17

Plants that bear either male-only or female-only flowers on an individual plant

Front 18

Double fertilization

Back 18

One sperm cell fuses with egg cell, forming 2n zygote. Other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei in central cell, forming triploid nucleus

Front 19

Embryo sac

Back 19

megagametophyte of a seed plant, within which the embryo develops

Front 20

Endosperm

Back 20

Triploid (3n) nutritive tissue within seeds of flowering plants, surrounding and absorbed by the embryo

Front 21

Floral meristems

Back 21

give rise to a flower. produces four whorls or spirals of organs, with very short internodes

Front 22

Florigen

Back 22

hormone-like molecules responsible for controlling and/or triggering flowering

Front 23

FOI genes

Back 23

homeotic genes –major regulatory genes that control other genes

Front 24

Fruit

Back 24

Develops from ovary wall. carpel becomes wall of fruit surrounding seed. protect seed from damage by animals and infection by microbes

Front 25

Generative cell

Back 25

one of two haploid 1n cells within the pollen grain in seed plants undergoes one mitotic division to produce two 1n sperm cells

Front 26

Grafting

Back 26

Process of attaching bud or piece of stem from one plant onto root or stem (with roots) of another plant

Front 27

Imperfect flower

Back 27

have only functional stamens or only functional carpels

Front 28

Inflorescence

Back 28

an orderly cluster of flowers

Front 29

Inflorescence meristem

Back 29

produces bracts and new meristems in angle between bract and stem

Front 30

Integuments

Back 30

tissues surrounding megasporangium that develop into the seed coat

Front 31

indeterminate growth

Back 31

Apical meristems continuously produce leaves, stems, and axillary buds

Front 32

Long-day plant

Back 32

Flower when day is longer than critical maximum. Flower in midsummer

Front 33

Meristem

Back 33

the tissue in most plants consisting of undifferentiated cells found in zones of the plant where growth can take place

Front 34

Megagametophyte

Back 34

The female gametophyte that arises from a megaspore of a heterosporous plant.

Front 35

Megasporangium

Back 35

female sporangia produce megasporocytes that yield megaspores

Front 36

Megaspores

Back 36

give rise to a female gametophyte

Front 37

Microgametophyte

Back 37

male gametophyte that develops from the microspores of heterosporous plants. The pollen grains of gymnosperms and angiosperms

Front 38

Microsporangium

Back 38

produces spores that give rise to male gametophytes

Front 39

Microspores

Back 39

develops a spore wall and divides mitotically to form two 1n cells in each pollen grain (microgametophyte)

Front 40

Megasporocyte

Back 40

undergoes meiosis to produce four 1n megaspores —all but one degenerates

Front 41

Microsporocyte

Back 41

2n cell, located in the anter, that undergoes meiosis to produce four 1n microspores

Front 42

Monoecious

Back 42

Plants that bear both male and female flowers on an individual plant

Front 43

Ovary

Back 43

at base of pistil. containing ovules, each of which contain a megasporangium

Front 44

Ovule

Back 44

a small body in seed-bearing plants that consists of the integument(s), nucellus, and embryosac (containing the egg cell) and develops into the seed after fertilization

Front 45

Perfect flower

Back 45

have both functional stamens and carpels

Front 46

Perennials

Back 46

live three or more years. Typically flower every year

Front 47

Pericarp

Back 47

The wall of a ripened ovary; fruit wall

Front 48

Photoperiodism

Back 48

control of flowering and other responses by length of day or night. synchronizes flowering in the same species so that cross-pollination and successful reproduction is promoted

Front 49

Plantlets

Back 49

a tiny version of a plant still attached somewhere to its parent plant. The plantlets obtain food from the parent plant until they are established

Front 50

Pistil

Back 50

composed of one or more carpels

Front 51

Polar nuclei

Back 51

two haploid nuclei found in the centre of the embryo sac after division of the megaspore. They combine with one sperm cell to form the 3n (triploid) endosperm

Front 52

Pollen grain

Back 52

one of the granular microspores that occur in pollen and give rise to the male gametophyte of a seed plant

Front 53

Pollen tube

Back 53

grows through style to reach ovule. Downward growth is guided by chemical signal released by synergids

Front 54

Pollination

Back 54

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Front 55

Rhizomes

Back 55

horizontal underground stems that give rise to new shoots

Front 56

Runners

Back 56

horizontal stems that form roots at intervals and can develop into new plants

Front 57

Scion

Back 57

part grafted onto the stock

Front 58

Self-incompatibility

Back 58

When plants reject pollen from their own flowers. promotes outcrossing and increases heterozygosity. S gene is responsible for self-incompatibility

Front 59

Short-day plants

Back 59

Flower when day is shorter than critical maximum. Flower in late summer or fall

Front 60

Stamen

Back 60

male sex organs, has a filament with two-lobed anther, containing four fused microsporangia

Front 61

Stigma

Back 61

receptive tip of a carpel recieves pollen at pollination

Front 62

Stock

Back 62

Root-bearing plant (in grafting)

Front 63

Stolons

Back 63

horizontal stems that form roots at intervals and can develop into new plants

Front 64

Style

Back 64

stalk of pistil, with stigma at the end

Front 65

Suckers

Back 65

young plants that sprout from the horizontal roots of a parent plant. form interconnected stands of genetically identical individuals

Front 66

Suspensor

Back 66

a daughter cell that becomes a supporting structure after double fertilization

Front 67

Synergids

Back 67

one of two small cells lying near the micropyle of the embryo sac of an angiosperm. attract pollen tube and receive sperm nuclei

Front 68

Tip layers

Back 68

branches that sag to the ground and a new plant grows from the branch tip

Front 69

Tissue culture

Back 69

a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clones of a plant

Front 70

Torpedo stage

Back 70

Tissues begin to differentiate. Shoot apex forms between cotyledons. Root apex forms at other end

Front 71

Totipotency

Back 71

undifferentiated cells can give rise to entire plants

Front 72

Tube cell

Back 72

The cell in the pollen grain that develops into the pollen tube

Front 73

Tubers

Back 73

enlarged underground stems called

Front 74

Vegetative reproduction

Back 74

A form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant

Front 75

Vernalization

Back 75

Process of inducing flowering by low temperatures

Front 76

Annuals

Back 76

complete life cycle in one year and have little or no secondary growth

Front 77

Anther

Back 77

part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen

Front 78

Antipodal cells

Back 78

group of cells, situated at the opposite end to the micropyle

Front 79

Apomixis

Back 79

Asexual production of seeds

Front 80

Bracts

Back 80

A leaflike or scalelike plant part, usually small, sometimes showy or brightly colored, and located just below a flower, a flower stalk, or an inflorescence

Front 81

Biennials

Back 81

two years to complete life cycle. first year, store carbohydrates. second year, stored carbohydrates are used to produce flowers and seeds

Front 82

Bulbs

Back 82

fleshy, modified leaves for food storage

Front 83

Cadastral genes

Back 83

refine floral organ identity gene expression within whorls

Front 84

Circadian oscillations

Back 84

components of the biological clocks that regulate the activities of organisms in relation to environmental cycles and provide an internal temporal framework

Front 85

Circadian rhythms

Back 85

a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes of living entities, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria

Front 86

Critical day length

Back 86

The period of daylight, specific in length for any given species, that appears to initiate flowering

Front 87

Critical night length

Back 87

The period of darkness, specific in length for any given species, that appears to initiate flowering

Front 88

Complete flower

Back 88

having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Front 89

Corms

Back 89

disc-like underground stems that consist primarily of stem tissue

Front 90

Cotyledon

Back 90

nutrient storage area in angiosperm seeds

Front 91

Day-neutral plants

Back 91

Do not rely on length of day or night to control flowering or other responses

Front 92

Dioecious

Back 92

Plants that bear either male-only or female-only flowers on an individual plant

Front 93

Double fertilization

Back 93

One sperm cell fuses with egg cell, forming 2n zygote. Other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei in central cell, forming triploid nucleus

Front 94

Embryo sac

Back 94

megagametophyte of a seed plant, within which the embryo develops

Front 95

Endosperm

Back 95

Triploid (3n) nutritive tissue within seeds of flowering plants, surrounding and absorbed by the embryo

Front 96

Floral meristems

Back 96

give rise to a flower. produces four whorls or spirals of organs, with very short internodes

Front 97

Florigen

Back 97

hormone-like molecules responsible for controlling and/or triggering flowering

Front 98

FOI genes

Back 98

homeotic genes –major regulatory genes that control other genes

Front 99

Fruit

Back 99

Develops from ovary wall. carpel becomes wall of fruit surrounding seed. protect seed from damage by animals and infection by microbes

Front 100

Generative cell

Back 100

one of two haploid 1n cells within the pollen grain in seed plants undergoes one mitotic division to produce two 1n sperm cells

Front 101

Grafting

Back 101

Process of attaching bud or piece of stem from one plant onto root or stem (with roots) of another plant

Front 102

Imperfect flower

Back 102

have only functional stamens or only functional carpels

Front 103

Inflorescence

Back 103

an orderly cluster of flowers

Front 104

Inflorescence meristem

Back 104

produces bracts and new meristems in angle between bract and stem

Front 105

Integuments

Back 105

tissues surrounding megasporangium that develop into the seed coat

Front 106

indeterminate growth

Back 106

Apical meristems continuously produce leaves, stems, and axillary buds

Front 107

Long-day plant

Back 107

Flower when day is longer than critical maximum. Flower in midsummer

Front 108

Meristem

Back 108

the tissue in most plants consisting of undifferentiated cells found in zones of the plant where growth can take place

Front 109

Megagametophyte

Back 109

The female gametophyte that arises from a megaspore of a heterosporous plant.

Front 110

Megasporangium

Back 110

female sporangia produce megasporocytes that yield megaspores

Front 111

Megaspores

Back 111

give rise to a female gametophyte

Front 112

Microgametophyte

Back 112

male gametophyte that develops from the microspores of heterosporous plants. The pollen grains of gymnosperms and angiosperms

Front 113

Microsporangium

Back 113

produces spores that give rise to male gametophytes

Front 114

Microspores

Back 114

develops a spore wall and divides mitotically to form two 1n cells in each pollen grain (microgametophyte)

Front 115

Megasporocyte

Back 115

undergoes meiosis to produce four 1n megaspores —all but one degenerates

Front 116

Microsporocyte

Back 116

2n cell, located in the anter, that undergoes meiosis to produce four 1n microspores

Front 117

Monoecious

Back 117

Plants that bear both male and female flowers on an individual plant

Front 118

Ovary

Back 118

at base of pistil. containing ovules, each of which contain a megasporangium

Front 119

Ovule

Back 119

a small body in seed-bearing plants that consists of the integument(s), nucellus, and embryosac (containing the egg cell) and develops into the seed after fertilization

Front 120

Perfect flower

Back 120

have both functional stamens and carpels

Front 121

Perennials

Back 121

live three or more years. Typically flower every year

Front 122

Pericarp

Back 122

The wall of a ripened ovary; fruit wall

Front 123

Photoperiodism

Back 123

control of flowering and other responses by length of day or night. synchronizes flowering in the same species so that cross-pollination and successful reproduction is promoted

Front 124

Plantlets

Back 124

a tiny version of a plant still attached somewhere to its parent plant. The plantlets obtain food from the parent plant until they are established

Front 125

Pistil

Back 125

composed of one or more carpels

Front 126

Polar nuclei

Back 126

two haploid nuclei found in the centre of the embryo sac after division of the megaspore. They combine with one sperm cell to form the 3n (triploid) endosperm

Front 127

Pollen grain

Back 127

one of the granular microspores that occur in pollen and give rise to the male gametophyte of a seed plant

Front 128

Pollen tube

Back 128

grows through style to reach ovule. Downward growth is guided by chemical signal released by synergids

Front 129

Pollination

Back 129

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Front 130

Rhizomes

Back 130

horizontal underground stems that give rise to new shoots

Front 131

Runners

Back 131

horizontal stems that form roots at intervals and can develop into new plants

Front 132

Scion

Back 132

part grafted onto the stock

Front 133

Self-incompatibility

Back 133

When plants reject pollen from their own flowers. promotes outcrossing and increases heterozygosity. S gene is responsible for self-incompatibility

Front 134

Short-day plants

Back 134

Flower when day is shorter than critical maximum. Flower in late summer or fall

Front 135

Stamen

Back 135

male sex organs, has a filament with two-lobed anther, containing four fused microsporangia

Front 136

Stigma

Back 136

receptive tip of a carpel recieves pollen at pollination

Front 137

Stock

Back 137

Root-bearing plant (in grafting)

Front 138

Stolons

Back 138

horizontal stems that form roots at intervals and can develop into new plants

Front 139

Style

Back 139

stalk of pistil, with stigma at the end

Front 140

Suckers

Back 140

young plants that sprout from the horizontal roots of a parent plant. form interconnected stands of genetically identical individuals

Front 141

Suspensor

Back 141

a daughter cell that becomes a supporting structure after double fertilization

Front 142

Synergids

Back 142

one of two small cells lying near the micropyle of the embryo sac of an angiosperm. attract pollen tube and receive sperm nuclei

Front 143

Tip layers

Back 143

branches that sag to the ground and a new plant grows from the branch tip

Front 144

Tissue culture

Back 144

a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clones of a plant

Front 145

Torpedo stage

Back 145

Tissues begin to differentiate. Shoot apex forms between cotyledons. Root apex forms at other end

Front 146

Totipotency

Back 146

undifferentiated cells can give rise to entire plants

Front 147

Tube cell

Back 147

The cell in the pollen grain that develops into the pollen tube

Front 148

Tubers

Back 148

enlarged underground stems called

Front 149

Vegetative reproduction

Back 149

A form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant

Front 150

Vernalization

Back 150

Process of inducing flowering by low temperatures