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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dual-task Deficit
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A situation in which a person's performance of one task is impeded by interference from the simultaneous performance of another task.
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Control Processes
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Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.
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Priming
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The preparation that makes it easier to perform some action. for example, it is easier to retrieve an item from memory if we are given a clue about it beforehand.
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Explicit Memory
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Memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test), usually with words. It usually involves consciously learned words, data, and concepts.
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Implicit Memory
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Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations.
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Terminal Decline
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An overall slowdown of cognitive abilities in the weeks and months before death. Also known as terminal drop.
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Dementia
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Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease. This becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old.
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Delirium
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A temporary loss of memory, often accompanied by emotions of fear or grandiosity and irrational actions.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
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The most common case of dementia, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles in the brain.
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Vascular Dementia (VaD)/Multi-infarct Dementia (MID)
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A form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstruction of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain.
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Subcortical Dementias
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Forms of dementia that begin with impairments in motor ability (which is governed by the subcortex) and produce cognitive impairment in later stages. Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis are subcortical dementias.
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Parkinson's Disease
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The chronic, progressive disease that is characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity, and sometimes dementia, caused by a reduction of dopamine production in the brain.
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Life Review
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An examination of one's own part in life, engaged in by many elderly people.
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Wisdom
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A cognitive perspective characterized by a broad, practical, comprehensive approach to life's problems, reflecting timeless truths rather than immediate expediency; said to be more common in the elderly than in the young.
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According to the information-processing approach, what are the steps to cognition?
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1) Input - sensing
2) Storage - memory 3) Program - control processes 4) Output |
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Describe the changes tin information processing that occur because of aging.
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Sensing & Perceiving changes:
1) senses decline so sensory input is reduced- also known as Attention Deficits 2) cognitive resources are required spend more time analyzing sensory inputs since they are not as sharp, which can lead to Interference Memory Changes: 1) Working memory difficulties due to dual-task deficits, reduced sensory input, and interference 2) Long-term memory may be distorted by interference, vocabulary continues to grow though 3) Selective memory is apparent as people remember events when they 10-30 better than more recent events, they remember emotions better than facts, and source amnesia - forgetting who or what was the source of the fact |
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cont'd
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Control Processes:
1) prefrontal cortex shrinks so control processes decline 2) analysis decreases and elderly rely on preconceived ideas rather than consider new evidence and change their minds 3) retrieval errors are apparent - priming helps 4) brain slowdown partly due to reduced production or neurotransmitters and decreased neural fluid |
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How does ageism affect older adults.
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If internalized, it results in reactions of helplessness, self-doubt, or misplaced anger.
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Identify common forms of dementia and the differences between them.
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More than 70 diseases can cause dementia
1) Alzheimer's Disease - gradual onset and progressive with 5 stages - absentmindedness, confusion, memory loss, to death 2) TIA (many strokes) - sudden onset, gradual improvement 3) Subcortical Dementias (Parkinson's, Huntington's, MS)- progressive loss of motor control, short term memory is better than long-term memory 4) Reversible Dementia (over medication, undernourishment, depression, mental illness) |
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What are 3 common new areas of cognitive development in late adulthood.
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1) Aesthetic sense and creativity - nature, art
2) Life review - reflective and philosophical 3) Wisdom - dialectic thinking and expertise in human relations gained from experience |
