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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concrete Operational Thought
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Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experience and perceptions.
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Classification
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The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common.
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Identity
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The logical principle that certain characteristics of an object remain the same even if other characteristics change. Also, a consistent definition of one's self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations.
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Reversibility
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The logical principle that a thing that has been changed can somtimes be returned to its original state by reversing the process by which it was changed.
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Information-Processing Theory
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A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output.
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Sensory Memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed.
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Working Memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs.
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Long-Term Memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinately.
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Knowledge Base
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A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.
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Control Process
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Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.
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Metacognition
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"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one' performance on that task.
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English-language Learner
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A child who is learning English as a second language.
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Total Immersion
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A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (majority) language that a child is learning.
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Bilingual Education
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A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
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ESL (English as a Second Language)
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An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers.
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No Child Left Behind Act
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A U.S. law passed by Congress in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring standardized tests to measure school achievement. Many critics, especially teachers, say the law undercuts learning and fails to take local needs into consideration.
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National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
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An ongoing and nationally representative measure of children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card".
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Reading First
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A federal program that was established by No Child Left Behind Act and that provides states with funding for early reading instruction in public schools, aimed at ensuring that all children learn to read well by the end of the third grade.
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Hidden Curriculum
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The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school.
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TIMSS (Trends in Math and Science Study)
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An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth, and eighth graders. It is very useful, but scores are not always comparable, because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
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Progress in International Reading Literacy Skills (PIRLS)
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Inagurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.
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Phonics Approach
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Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations.
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Whole-language Approach
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Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills - talking and listening, reading and writing.
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What are the three dominant theories used to structure education for all children?
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Cognitive Theory - Jean Piaget
Sociocultural Theory - Lev Vygotsky Information-Processing Theory |
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What do children need in order to fully act on their natural inclination to learn?
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1) Direct instruction, 2) Motivation, 3) Pride, 4) Social interaction
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What are some of the logical operations of concrete operational thought?
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Classification, Identity, Reversibility
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What is one example of how classification is demonstrated by school children?
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Flowers - 7 yellow daisies, 2 white roses "Are there more daisies or more flowers?"
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What is one example of how identity is demonstrated by school children?
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A ball is still a ball when it rolls into a hole; a child is the same person awake and asleep
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What is one example of how reversibility is demonstrated by school children?
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'It's still the same milk" or by reversing the process pouring the liquid back into the first container.
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Describe Vygotsky's views regarding the influence of the sociocultural context on learning during middle childhool.
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Instruction by others is crucial, with peers and teachers providing the bridge between the child's development potential and the necessary skills and knowledge. In each child's zone of proximal development, or almost understood ideas, other people are crucial.
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Give an example of hidden curriculum?
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Involves matters such as tracking, teacher characteristics, discipline, teaching methods, sports competition, student government, and extracurricular activities
- crammed, run down buildings do not encourage students to learn; spacious buildings with new equipment does |
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What are the merits of small class size?
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Evidence is actually mixed - smaller is not necessarily better as Asian nations with high ratios tend to have high math and science scores
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What are the merits of educational standards?
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States disagree about what children should know and how they should learn it - many schools cut back on parts of the curriculum (especially music and art) in order to offer more instruction in reading and math.
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What are the merits of testing?
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1) It is impossible to give the same tests, under the same conditions, to a representative group of children of a particular age and year of schooling
2) Some countries begin schooling at age 4 while others at age 7 3) Teaching to the test |
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Identity two different approaches to teaching reading.
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1) Phonics approach - learning letter-sound correspondences in order to decipher simple words and then frequent repetition
2) Whole-language approach - using talking, drawing, and writing, to learn how to read as natural motivation |
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Identity three different approaches to teaching math.
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1) emphasis on basic skills - memorization
2) broader, conceptual understanding of math - active and engaging discovery 3) social interaction and sequential curricula taught in Japan |
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Identity four different approaches to learning a second language.
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1) Total immersion with all instruction occuring in the second lanugarge
2) Children learn in their first language until the second language can be taught as a "foreign" language 3) Bilingual education with instruction in 2 languages 4) ESL with children taught intensively and exclusively in English to prepare them for regular classes. |
