Life Span Growth And Development Ch. 10 The Play Years: Psychosocial Development

Front 1

Emotional Regulation

Back 1

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed. This is the most important psychosocial development to occur between the ages of 2 and 6, though it continues throughout life.

Front 2

Initiative Versus Guilt

Back 2

Erikson's third psychosocial crisis. Children begin new activities and feel guilty when they fail.

Front 3

Self-esteem

Back 3

How a person evaluates his or her own worth, either in specifics (e.g. intelligence, attractiveness) or overall.

Front 4

Self-concept

Back 4

A person's understanding of who he or she is. Self-concept includes appearance, personality, and various traits.

Front 5

Intrinsic Motivation

Back 5

Goals or drives that come from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent.

Front 6

Extrinsic Motivation

Back 6

The need for rewards from outside, such as material possessions or someone else's esteem.

Front 7

Externalizing Problems

Back 7

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves outwardly expressing emotions in uncontrolled ways, such as by lashing out in impulsive anger or attacking other people or things.

Front 8

Internalizing Problems

Back 8

Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.

Front 9

Empathy

Back 9

The ability to understand the emotions of another person, especially when those emotions differ form one's own.

Front 10

Antipathy

Back 10

Feelings of anger, distrust, dislike, or even hatred toward another person.

Front 11

Prosocial Behavior

Back 11

Feeling and acting in ways that are helpful and kind, without obvious benefit to oneself.

Front 12

Antisocial Behavior

Back 12

Feeling and acting in ways that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

Front 13

Instrumental Aggression

Back 13

Hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep something that another person has.

Front 14

Reactive Aggression

Back 14

An impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental actions, verbal or physical.

Front 15

Bullying Aggression

Back 15

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.

Front 16

Authoritarian Parenting

Back 16

Child rearing with high behavioral standards, punishment of misconduct, and low communication

Front 17

Permissive Parenting

Back 17

Child rearing with high nurturance and communication but rare punishment, guidance, or control.

Front 18

Authoritative Parenting

Back 18

Child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible.

Front 19

Psychological Control

Back 19

A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents.

Front 20

Time-out

Back 20

A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time.

Front 21

Sex Differences

Back 21

Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body type.

Front 22

Gender Differences

Back 22

Differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that originate in the culture.

Front 23

Phallic Stage

Back 23

Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure.

Front 24

Oedipus Complex

Back 24

The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's exclusive love.

Front 25

Superego

Back 25

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgemental part of the personality that internalizes moral standards of the parents.

Front 26

Electra Complex

Back 26

The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's exclusive love.

Front 27

Identification

Back 27

An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.

Front 28

Gender Schema

Back 28

A cognitive concept or general belief based on one's experiences - in this case, a child's understanding of sex differences.

Front 29

Androgyny

Back 29

A balance, within a person, of traditionally male and female psychological characteristics.

Front 30

How does Erikson explain the concept of emotional development?

Back 30

The third crisis of initiative versus guilt occurs during the play years. Children normally feel pride and self-esteem from aquiring new skills and competencies. Sometimes though this is mixed with feelings of guilt for having done something wrong.

Front 31

How is emotional regulation made possible?

Back 31

Maturation of the brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex, as well as by experiences with parents and peers

Front 32

What are the 3 styles of parenting?

Back 32

1) Authoritative - warm, with guidance
2) Authoritarian - very strict
3) Permissive - very lenient

Front 33

What type of child will an authoritarian parent likely raise?

Back 33

Conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy. The children tend to feel guilty or depressed, internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things don't go well. As adolescents they sometimes rebel, leaving home before age 20

Front 34

What type of child will a permissive parent likely raise?

Back 34

Unhappy children who lack self-control, espcially in the give-and-take of peer relationships. Inadequate emotional regulation make them immature and impedes friendships, which is the main reason for their unhappiness. They tend to live at home, still dependent, in early adulthood.

Front 35

What type of child will an authoritative parent likely raise?

Back 35

Successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others. these children are usually liked by teachers and peers, especially in cultures where individual initiative is valued.

Front 36

What should parents watch for in media/television/videos?

Back 36

Content is crucial. The themes and characters of many television programs and video games can lead to increased aggression, as shown in longitudinal research. Parents should become involved with their children when watching TV/videos/games.

Front 37

At what age does gender stereotypes, favoritism, and segregation peak?

Back 37

6 years old

Front 38

What is Freud's theory on gender role development consist of?

Back 38

Children are attracted to the opposite sex parent and eventually seek to identify, or allign themselves, with the same-sex parent.

Front 39

What is behaviorists theory of gender role development?

Back 39

Gender-related behaviors are learned through reinforcement and punishment (especially for males) and social modeling.

Front 40

What is the Cognitive theory on gender role development?

Back 40

Simplistic preoperational thinking leads to gender schema and therfore stereotypes.

Front 41

What is the Sociocultural theory on gender role development?

Back 41

Children observe the many male-female distinctions apparent in every society.

Front 42

What is the Epigenetic theory on gender role development?

Back 42

Some sex differences result from hormones affecting brain formation. Experiences enhance or halt those neurological patterns.