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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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development
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pattern of change from conception to death
growth and decline |
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traditional approach
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lots of change from birth to adolescence
no change during adulthood decline during old age |
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life-span approach
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change from womb to tomb
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life span age?
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122
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life expectancy age?
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78
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6 views of life-span perspective
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lifelong
multidimensional multidirectional plastic multidisciplinary contextual |
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plasticity
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capacity for change
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3 types of context influences
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normative age-graded
normative history-graded non-normative life events |
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normative age-graded
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similar for individuals in a particular age group
ex. preschool, puberty |
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normative history-graded
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common to particular generation
ex. Depression |
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non-normative life events
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unusual occurrences that have major impact on individual
ex. parents in car wreck |
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culture
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behavior patterns, beliefs, etc of group of people passed down from generation to generation
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ethnicity
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cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language
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socioeconomic status
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person's position within society based on occupation, education, and economic status
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social policy
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government's course of action designed to promote welfare of citizens
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what % of US children were living in poverty in 2006?
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17.4%
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3 parts of nature of development
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biological
cognitive socioemotional |
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prenatal period
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conception to birth
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infancy
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birth to 18-24 months
depend on adults psychological activity |
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early childhood
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end of infancy to 5-6
self-sufficiency |
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middle and late childhood
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6-11
focus on achievement self-control |
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adolescence
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10-12 to 18-22
physical changes pursuit of independence and identity |
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early adulthood
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late teens to early 30s
personal and economic independence search for mate |
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middle adulthood
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40-60
social involvement and responsibility assist next generation |
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late adulthood
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60-death
life review new social roles |
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Ages of Development?
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1st-Childhood and Adolescence
2nd-Prime Adulthood(20-50) 3rd-60-79 4th-80 and older |
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chronological age
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number of years that have elapsed since birth
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biological age
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age in terms of biological health
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psychological age
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adaptive capacities compared to other individuals of same age
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social age
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social roles and expectations related to age
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stability
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traits seen as result of heredity and early life experiences
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change
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traits can be altered by later experiences
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continuity
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gradual, cumulative change
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discontinuity
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set of distinct stages
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4 steps of scientific method
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conceptualize problem to study
collect data analyze data draw conclusions |
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theory
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set of coherent ideas that help to explain phenomena and predict
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hypotheses
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specific predictions that can be tested
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psychoanalytic theory
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behavior is unconscious
symbols early experience matters |
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Freud
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sexual impulses change
psychoanalytic |
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5 stages of Freud's psychosexual development
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oral
anal phallic latency genital |
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Erikson
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psychosocial
life-span theorist eight stages of development with crisis that must be solved |
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Pros of Psychoanalytic Theories
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focus on unconscious
family framework |
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Cons of Psychoanalytic Theories
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not scientific
negative image of people too much focus on sex |
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Piaget
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cognitive
stresses conscious |
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4 stages of Piaget's cognitive development in kids
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sensorimotor
preoperational concrete operational formal operational |
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive
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children actively construct knowledge
learning based on inventions of society less-skilled learn from more-skilled |
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information-processing theory
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cognitive
thinking individuals manipulate info, monitor it, and strategize about it |
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Pros of Cognitive
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positive view on development
active construction of understanding |
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Cons of Cognitive
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too little attention to individual differences
skepticism about pureness of Piaget |
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behaviorism
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can only study what can be directly observed and measured
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Skinner's Operant Conditioning
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consequence of behavior changes likelihood of behavior occurring again
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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
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behavior, environment and cognition are key
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Pros of Behavioral and Social Cognitive
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scientific research
environmental determinants of behavior |
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Cons of Behavioral and Social Cognitive
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little emphasis on cognition
inadequate attention to developmental changes |
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ethology
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behavior strongly influenced by biology and evolution
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Konrad Lorenz
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ethology
critical/sensitive periods imprinting in geese |
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Bowlby
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ethology
importance of human attachment during first year |
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Pros of Ethological
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focus on biology and evolution
careful observations in natural settings |
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Cons of Ethological
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too much on biological
critical and sensitive periods too rigid |
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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological
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development reflects influence of 5 environmental systems
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Bronfenbrenner's 5 environmental systems
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microsystem
mesosystem exosystem macrosystem chronosystem |
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microsystem
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setting in which individual lives
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mesosystem
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relations between microsystems
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exosystem
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links between social setting individual doesn't have active role in and individual's immediate context
ex. friends of family, mass media |
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macrosystem
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culture in which individual lives
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chronosystem
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environmental events and transitions
sociohistorical circumstances |
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eclectic theoretical orientation
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no theory explains it all
all contribute selects from each theory best aspects |
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functional magnetic resonance imaging
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uses electromagnetic waves to construct images of brain tissue and biochemical activity
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3 types of research designs
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descriptive
correlational experimental |
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descriptive research
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observe and record behavior
cannot prove causation |
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correlational research
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describes strength of relationship between 2 or more events
does not equal causation |
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correlation coefficient
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used to describe degree of association between 2 variables
ranges from -1 to 1 higher means stronger association |
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cross-sectional research
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simultaneously compares individuals of different ages
no information about aging process |
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longitudinal approach
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same individuals over period of time, usually several years
expensive |
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cohort
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group of people born at same time that share similar experiences
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ethnic gloss
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using ethnic label in a way that portrays ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is
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evolutionary psychology
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importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
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fit
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ability to bear offspring that live long enough to also bear offspring
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influential evolutionary psychologist
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David Buss
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Paul Baltes
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benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age
natural selection is tied to fitness |
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bidirectional view of evolutionary psych
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environmental and biological affect each other
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chromosomes
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thread-like structures made up of DNA
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DNA
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complex double-helix molecule containing genetic info
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genes
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units of hereditary info in each chromosome
direct cells to reproduce themselves |
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proteins
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building blocks of cells and regulators that direct body processes
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genome
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complete set of developmental instructions for making human
20,000 genes |
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how many chromosomes in a cell?
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46, 23 pairs
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mitosis
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reproduction of cells
nucleus duplicate and cell divides |
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meiosis
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cell division that forms sperm and eggs
each cell divides twice 4 cells with 23 unpaired chromosomes |
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fertilization
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fusing of sperm and egg to create zygote
one set of paired chromosomes 23 from each parent |
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what is sex determined by?
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23rd pair of chromosomes
xx, xy |
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identical twins
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single zygote that splits
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fraternal twins
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two zygotes
separate sperm and eggs |
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genotype
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person's genetic material
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phenotype
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observable characteristics
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sex-linked genes
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mutated gene carried on x-chromosome
more likely in males ex. hemophilia |
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genetic imprinting
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genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from mother or father
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polygenetic inheritance
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determined by interaction of many different genes
most common |
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down syndrome
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caused by extra copy of 21st chromosome
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klinefelter syndrome
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males with xxy
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fragile x syndrome
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more often in males
x breaks off or is constricted |
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turner syndrome
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females born with xo
sometimes causes infertility |
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PKU
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inability to metabolize phenylalanine
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sickle-cell anemia
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African Americans
red blood cells die more quickly |
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ultrasound
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sound waves create visual representation of fetus's inner structures
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fetal MRI
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diagnoses fetal malformations
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chorionic villus sampling
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piece of placenta removed to detect abnormalities
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amniocentesis
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samples amniotic fluid to test for chromosomal or metabolic disorders
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maternal blood screening
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identifies pregnancies with high risks for certain birth defects
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infertility
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inability to conceive a child after 12 months of trying
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IVF
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egg and sperm combined in lab
fertilized egg transferred to uterus |
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Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
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egg and sperm deposited into fallopian tube
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zygote intrafallopian transfer
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fertilized in lab
zygote deposited in fallopian tube |
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behavior genetics
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seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences
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epigenetic view
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development is ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
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germinal period
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1st 2 weeks after conception
zygote created |
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embryonic period
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2-8 weeks after conception
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fetal period
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2 months after conception until birth
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how many stages in prenatal development?
how many days? |
3
266-280 |
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blastocyst
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group of cells after 1 week
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trophoblast
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outer layer of cells
provide nutrition and support for embryo |
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implantation
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attachment of zygote to uterine wall
10-14 days after conception |
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beginning of embryonic period?
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when blastocyst attaches to uterine wall
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3 layers of cell?
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endoderm
mesoderm ectoderm |
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amnion
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bag that holds amniotic fluid in which baby floats
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umbilical cord
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connects baby to placenta
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placenta
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group of tissues containing mother and baby's intertwined blood vessels
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organogenesis
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organ formation during first 2 months
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viability
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age at which fetus has chance of surviving outside of womb
currently 24 weeks |
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neurogenesis
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generation of new neurons
starts at 5th prenatal week |
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teratogen
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any agent that can cause birth defects or negatively alter cognitive or behavioral outcomes
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examples of teratogens
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drugs
environmental pollutions infectious diseases maternal stress advanced age of parent |
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severity of teratogen depends on?
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severity
time of exposure genes |
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stage 1 of birth
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contractions
cervix stretches to 10cm 12-14 hours |
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stage 2 of birth
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baby's head moves down cervix and emerges from body
45 minutes |
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stage 3 of birth
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afterbirth
placenta and other membranes expelled |
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doulas?
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provide continuous support for mom before, during, and after birth
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analgesia
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pain killer
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anesthesia
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blocks sensation in area of body
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oxytocics
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hormones that stimulate contractions
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anoxia
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baby has insufficient oxygen
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Apgar scale
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assessed at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
heart rate, color, muscle tone, respiratory and reflex 10 is highest 3 indicates emergency |
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kangaroo care
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treatment for preterm infants involving skin to skin contact
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postpartum period
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lasts about 6 weeks
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involution
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uterus returns to pre-pregnant size
5-6 weeks after birth |
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baby blues
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70% of new mothers in US
resolves in 1-2 weeks without treatment |
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Postpartum Depression
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10% of new mothers
may affect mother-child interaction 2 weeks or longer sadness and despair |
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cephalocaudal growth pattern
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growth starts at top and moves down
also applies to motor development |
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proximodistal growth pattern
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growth starts in center and moves outward
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how big is brain at birth?
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25% of birth rate
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how big is brain at 2?
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75% of adult weight
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forebrain
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farthest from spinal cord
includes cerebral cortex |
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cerebral cortex
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folded surface covering forebrain
2 hemispheres, 4 lobes |
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lateralization
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specialization of function in one hemisphere of the other
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axons
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carry signals away from body
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dendrites
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carry signals towards body
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myelination
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process of encasing axons with fat cells
prenatal to adolescence |
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how many hours do typical newborns sleep?
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16-17
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SIDS
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baby stops breathing and dies
highest cause of infant death in US |
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how many calories should baby's consume daily?
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50 calories for each pound they weigh
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benefits of breast feeding
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lower chance of breast and ovarian cancer
lower risk of type 2 diabetes |
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marasmus
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severe protein-calorie deficiency
wasting away of body tissues |
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kwashiorkor
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protein deficiency
causes abdomen and feet to swell with water |
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gross motor skills
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involve large muscle activity
ex. walking, grabbing for objects |
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fine motor skills
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finely tuned movements
ex. reaching and grasping |
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palmer grasp
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whole hand
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pincer grip
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thumb and forefinger
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ecological view
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directly perceive info that exists in world around us
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affordances
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opportunities for interaction
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habituation
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decreased responsiveness to stimulus after repeated presentations
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intermodal perception
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ability to integrate info from 2 or more modalities
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perceptual-motor coupling
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action guides perception and vice versa
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schemes
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actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
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behavioral schemes
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physical activities
simple actions performed on objects infancy |
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mental schemes
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cognitive activities
strategies and plans for solving problems |
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assimilation
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children use existing schemes to deal with new info
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accommodation
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children adjust their schemes to take new experiences into account
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equilibration
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children switch from one stage of thought to the next
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violation of expectations method
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infants understand object permanence earlier than Piaget said (age 2)
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Rovee Collier
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infants can retain conditioning experiences
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attention
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focusing of mental resources on select info
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implicit memory
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memory without conscious recollection
skills and routine procedures |
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explicit memory
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conscious memory of facts and experiences
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infantile amnesia
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inability to remember things from before you were 3
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infinite generativity
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ability to produce endless number of meaningful sentences using finite set of words and rules
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vocabulary spurt begins?
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18 months
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broca's area
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language production
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wernicke's area
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language comprehension
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Tomasello
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interaction view
children learn language in specific contexts |
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recasting
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rephrasing something a child has said
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expanding state
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repeating what the child has said but in correct structure
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labeling
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identifying names of objects
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primary emotions
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present in humans and animals
1st 6 months |
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self-conscious emotions
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sense of "me"
between 6 months and 2 years |
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reciprocal/synchronous
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positive interactions in infants
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3 cries
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basic
anger pain |
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2 smiles
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reflexive
social |
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baby's earliest emotion?
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fear
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chess and thomas classification
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easy
difficult slow-to-warm unclassified |
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rothbart and bate's classification
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extraversion/surgency
negative affectivity effortful control |
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Kagan
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children inherit physiology that biases them to have particular temperament
modifiable through experience |
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goodness of fit
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match between child's temperament and environment child lives in
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3 characteristics of personality development
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trust
development of sense of self independence |
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social referencing
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reading emotional cues in others to determine how to act in a situation
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how many phases of attachment?
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4
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4 attachment classifications
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securely attached
insecurely resistant insecurely avoidant insecurely dosorganized |
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scaffolding
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parental behavior that supports children's efforts through turn-taking
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