Life Span Ch 2

Front 1

Which early philosopher described children as a tabula rasa on which society writes?

Back 1

John Locke

Front 2

Galton’s mom was surprised to hear her young son say the phrase “Holy cow!” when he saw his new toy. It is a phrase she says often, but not directed toward her son. Her son’s actions are indicative of the

Back 2

reactive model of development.

Front 3

A mechanistic researcher would be most interested in

Back 3

the influence of violent video games on aggression.

Front 4

If Bill’s behavior is viewed as passive and reactive, he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior.

Back 4

mechanistic

Front 5

If Troy’s behavior is viewed as active and self-determining, he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior.

Back 5

organismic

Front 6

Organismic theorists emphasize __________ change, while mechanistic theorists emphasize __________ change.

Back 6

qualitative; quantitative

Front 7

The quantitative changes, such as documenting the number of words added to a child’s vocabulary, support which theory?

Back 7

Mechanistic

Front 8

Most of the early pioneers in psychology, such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget, favored the __________ perspective on human development, which views development as occurring in specific stages.

Back 8

organismic

Front 9

Although parts of his theory have been heavily criticized, Freud’s contribution to the field of human growth included all of the following EXCEPT

Back 9

the importance of developing formal operational thought.

Front 10

One of the criticisms of Freud’s work is that he

Back 10

based his theories on patients and not the general population.

Front 11

Unlike Freud’s theory, Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Back 11

sees society as a positive force.

Front 12

Each of Erikson’s stages involves a major developmental issue that is particularly important at that time. Erikson referred to these issues as __________ in personality.

Back 12

crises

Front 13

According to Erikson, the resolution of the crisis at each stage of psychosocial development must include a _______ between positive and negative traits.

Back 13

balance

Front 14

Pauline is in her fourth stage of development according to the developmental stage theory that Erikson put forth. Under normal conditions, if Pauline lives into old age, in how many stages will she ultimately participate?

Back 14

8

Front 15

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, the first stage of development, which occurs during infancy, is

Back 15

trust versus mistrust.

Front 16

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, a teenage girl would be facing the crisis of

Back 16

identity versus identity confusion.

Front 17

An example of Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt would be

Back 17

a 3-year-old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills.

Front 18

Freud’s research stressed the importance of

Back 18

ways in which early relationships affect later ones.

Front 19

In contrast with Freud, Erikson placed more emphasis on

Back 19

social and cultural influences.

Front 20

social and cultural influences.

Back 20

learning.

Front 21

Two important learning theories are ____________ and _______________.

Back 21

social learning theory; behaviorism

Front 22

Learning theorists are most concerned with

Back 22

measurable, observable behaviors.

Front 23

According to the _________ perspective, people’s actions are reactions to aspects of their environment that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening.

Back 23

behaviorism

Front 24

The ________ perspective emphasizes the influence of the environment rather than thought processes or unconscious fantasies.

Back 24

learning

Front 25

Based on the connections between Erikson’s stages, an infant who resolves the crisis of basic trust versus basic mistrust is most likely to become

Back 25

an independent 2-year-old.

Front 26

The principles of classical conditioning were developed by

Back 26

Ivan Pavlov.

Front 27

A girl receives an injection and cries. Each time she receives an injection again, the same nurse gives it. Her mother notices that the child now cries when she sees this nurse even if no injection is given. This is an example of

Back 27

classical conditioning.

Front 28

Reinforcement is most effective when it is __________ after the behavior it is designed to reinforce.

Back 28

immediately

Front 29

According to social learning theory, the most important element in how children learn a language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is

Back 29

observation and imitation.

Front 30

The process of modeling, or observing and imitating others, is referred to as

Back 30

observational learning.

Front 31

____________ develops as children gradually learn to master challenges and achieve goals.

Back 31

Self-efficacy

Front 32

Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed. Stacy has developed

Back 32

self-efficacy.

Front 33

__________ is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development.

Back 33

Jean Piaget

Front 34

The two major points of Jean Piaget’s cognitive perspective are that people are active in their environment and that behavior develops

Back 34

in specific stages regardless of culture.

Front 35

Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive stages through which a child progresses, as theorized by Jean Piaget?

Back 35

Post-conceptual

Front 36

Piaget’s use of questions and flexible exploration of a child’s responses is known as the __________ method.

Back 36

clinical

Front 37

A structure of organized patterns of behavior that a person uses to think about and act in a situation is that person’s

Back 37

scheme.

Front 38

Which of the following is NOT one of the interrelated principles developed by Piaget to explain the gradual development of a child’s mental processes?

Back 38

Unconscious processing

Front 39

Piaget’s term for the process of taking information and incorporating it into existing ways of thinking is

Back 39

assimilation.

Front 40

When a child first sucks on a sippy cup the same way the child sucked from a bottle, the child is trying to learn to drink from the cup using the process of

Back 40

assimilation.

Front 41

From Jean Piaget’s perspective, a child who alters her behavior to more effectively deal with a new situation is exhibiting

Back 41

accommodation.

Front 42

According to Jean Piaget, what is the primary goal or need that leads children to change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences?

Back 42

Equilibrium

Front 43

It is important for parents and teachers to understand how children think so they can more effectively _________ them.

Back 43

teach

Front 44

According to Piaget, children strive for understanding when they are in a state of

Back 44

disequilibrium.

Front 45

When little Sasha calls her neighbor’s dog “Kitty,” she is exhibiting

Back 45

assimilation.

Front 46

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget’s theory of development?

Back 46

a.His focus on formal logic as central to cognitive development is too narrow.

B. It pays little attention to the influence of education on intellectual development.

C. It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.

D. It does not say much about individual differences in ability.

Front 47

Psychologist Lev Vygotsky saw cognitive growth as a collaborative process in which children learn through social

Back 47

interaction.

Front 48

A teacher is helping to direct and organize Jay’s learning with blocks to help him master and internalize his skills. This reflects Vygotsky’s notion of

Back 48

zone of proximal development.

Front 49

____________ refers to the temporary support that parents, teachers, and others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone.

Back 49

Scaffolding

Front 50

A major distinction between Piaget’s developmental theory and the information-processing approach is that

Back 50

Piaget sees development as occurring in stages, whereas the information-processing approach sees development as continuous.

Front 51

The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a __________; sensory impressions go in and behavior comes out.

Back 51

computer

Front 52

Which perspective emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviors enhance the survival of that species?

Back 52

Ethological

Front 53

In the 1950s, the British psychologist __________ extended ethological principles to the study of human development, focusing attention on the mother-infant bond and the bonding process that produces attachment

Back 53

John Bowlby

Front 54

The leader of a mother and baby workshop tells new mothers that attachment between an infant and caregiver must occur during a critical period to ensure normal development. Which developmental perspective does this workshop leader support with this statement?

Back 54

Ethological

Front 55

According to the __________ perspective, development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed in interaction with the environment.

Back 55

contextual

Front 56

Which American psychologist developed the bioecological perspective, which involves five interlocking contextual systems ranging from the most intimate to the most distant?

Back 56

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Front 57

Dr. Willard is studying the way in which infant siblings interact with one another in the home. According to the ecological approach, Dr. Willard is studying the children in their

Back 57

microsystem.

Front 58

Dr. Berry, who employs the ecological approach to human development, is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school. Dr. Berry is studying development at the __________ level of environmental influence.

Back 58

mesosystem

Front 59

The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has significantly altered most government institutions there. According to the ecological approach, the government changes are changes in people’s

Back 59

macrosystem.

Front 60

Professor Powers studies how frequent moves from one town to another can influence children’s emotional development over time. According to the ecological approach, Professor Powers is studying the __________ of children

Back 60

chronosystem

Front 61

Sociocultural theory, developed by __________, stresses children’s active involvement with their environment as the process by which they acquire cognitive skills.

Back 61

Lev Vygotsky

Front 62

According to Bronfenbrenner, a country’s policy on maternal leave occurs at which level of environmental influence?

Back 62

Exosystem

Front 63

Which theory of human development is universally accepted as the theory that best explains all facets of development

Back 63

A. Psychoanalytic

B. Behavioristic

C. Sociocultural

D. No one theory is able to do this.

Front 64

Dr. Charles is interested in how certain behaviors such as smiling help to bond parents and ensure a child’s survival. Dr. Charles is interested in the ______ perspective.

Back 64

evolutionary

Front 65

Which field of study focuses on the adaptive behaviors of animal species in natural contexts?

Back 65

Ethology

Front 66

Evolutionary psychology falls under the

Back 66

ethological approach.