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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proton?
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A positively charged subatomic particle found in an atom's nucleus.
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Neutron?
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An uncharged subatomic particle in an atom's nucleus.
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Electron?
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A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around an atom's nucleus.
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Orbital?
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The space around the nucleus where a particular electron is likely to be found.
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Isotope?
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A form of an element defined by the number of neurtons in the nucleus.
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Ion?
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An atom (or group of atoms) that carries a net electrical charge.
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Non-polar?
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The property of having an even charge distribution across the atoms of a molecule.
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Polar?
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A molecule with regions of negative and positive charge, but no net charge across the whole molecule.
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Polar covalent bond?
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A covalent bond in which the shared electrons are pulled more toward one atom involved in the bond than the other.
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Covalent bond?
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A bond between two neutral atoms that involves the sharing of two or more electrons.
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Reactants?
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The substances that interact to produce a different substance during a chemical reaction.
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Products?
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The substances that are produced in a chemical reaction.
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Hydrogen bond?
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A weak temporary chemical bond that forms between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom in one polar molecule or chemical group and a partially negatively charged atom in another nearby molecule or chemical group.
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Acid?
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A solution with a higher concentration of H+ ions than plain water. PH between 1-7.
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Base? Alkaline?
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A solution with a lower concentration of H+ ions than plain water (more OH-).
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Ph?
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How acidic or basic a substance is.
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Anion?
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A negatively charged ion.
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Cation?
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A postively charged ion.
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Atomic Number?
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Tells how many protons an atom of each element contians.
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Atomic Mass?
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The total number of neutrons and protons. The average mass of the various isotopes of an element.
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Hydrophilic?
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Substances that are drawn to water. Hydrophilic means water loving.
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Hydrophobic?
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Substances that avoid water. Hydrophobic means water hating.
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Substrates?
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In our experiment in lab, we used H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).
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Solution?
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A combination of two compounds.
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Solvent?
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Water or the compound with which things can dissole. Salt water, water is the solvent.
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Solute?
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The compound that might dissolve, like salt in water; salt is the solute.
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Buffer?
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Any substance or mixture of compounds that, added to a solution, is capable of neutralizing both acids and bases without appreciably changing the original acidity or alkalinity of the solution.
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Salt?
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Any of a class of compounds formed by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms of an acid with elements or groups, which are composed of anions and cations, and which usually ionize in solution; a product formed by the neutralization of an acid by a base.
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Structural formulas?
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A chemical formula showing the linkage of the atoms in a molecule diagrammatically, as H–O–H.
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Molecular formulas?
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A chemical formula that indicates the kinds of atoms and the number of each kind in a molecule of a compound.
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What keeps electrons in their orbitals (and energy levels) outside the center of the atom?
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Protons in the nucleus. Opposites attract. Electrical force between positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. This causes cohesive behavior.
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How does the atomic number of an element differ from it's mass number?
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The atomic number tells how many protons an atom of each element contains. The atomic mass is the total number of neutrons and protons. It's the average mass of the various isotopes of an element.
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Can an atomic number of an element change and still be the same element? What about mass number?
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No, the atomic number can't change and be the same element.
Mass number can change. Most elements have isotopes---atoms that have the same number of protons (and hence they are still that element) but different numbers of neutrons. For instance, sulfur found in nature has four stable isotopes: S-32 16 protons 16 neutrons S-33 16 protons 17 neutrons S-34 16 protons 18 neutrons S-36 16 protons 20 neutrons Each of these isotopes has a different mass, but all are sulfur because they have 16 protons. |
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How do ions differ from isotopes? With which do we associate radioactivity?
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An ion is an atom with a net charge. An anion is an ion that has gained an electron.
An isotope is an atom with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. Isoptopes have an alternate number of neutrons. When an isoptope (carbon for example: C6 with 12 neutrons, which can also have 13 or 14 neutrons), loses a neutron (loses energy) it's called radioactive decay. |
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What is meant by the electronegativity of a substance? Polarity?
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Here is how it is easily explained. The electronegativity of the 4 elements we are most concerned with is as follows.
O has 8 electrons N has 7 electrons C has 6 electrons... H has 1 electron Oxygen is the most electronegative because it needs the least to fill it's outermost shell and feel stable. Polarity is when an ion is easily dissolved in the aqueous (H2O) portion of our blood. Polar bonds are also easily dissolved in the "water" of our cells, cytoplasm. Polar bonds are like magnets. |
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When a chemical bond forms between two atoms, what subatomic particles are involved?
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Electrons.
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Are all the electrons in all the orbitals involved when two atoms bond?
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No. Only the outer orbital is significant when chemicals are bonding. The outermost orbital either gives up or gains electrons.
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How are ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? Polar covalent from nonpolar covalent?
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Covalent bonds are between two neutral atoms that involve the sharing of two or more electons.
Ionic bonds are bonds that form when a pair of oppositely charged ions are attracted to one another and held together by electrical forces that result from a transfer or gain or loss of an electron. Polar covalent bonds form a covalent bond in which the shared electrons are pulled more toward one atom involved in the bond than the other. Non polar refers to the property atom that has an even chage distribution across the molecule. We already know that covalent means that the bond between two atoms involves the sharing of two or more electrons. |
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Hydrogen bonds from ionic and covalent? Intramolecular from intermolecular?
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Hydrogen bonds are weak temporary chemical bonds that form between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom in one polar molecule or chemical group and a partially negatively charged atom in another nearby molecule or chemical group.
Ionic bonds involve a transfer, gain or loss or electron. Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons. Intramolecular bonds are within the molecule (non polar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds). Intermolecular bonds are weak bonds of attraction. |
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Can you hypothesize about the type of chemical bond an atom is likely to form by the total number of electrons it has?
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Yes.
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In chemical reactions, how do the following terms apply: substrates, reactants and products? What does the arrow direction signify?
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Substrates (substances) is the substance acted upon by an enzyme.
Reactants are any substance that undergoes a chemical change in a given reaction. Products are substances obtained from another substance through chemical change. In chemistry, the Product(s) is/are formed when the reactant(s) react with each other by over coming the activation energy of a chemical reaction. In a given chemical equation, the product is placed to the right of the arrow and the reactant is placed on the left side of the arrow. Chemical reaction is signified by the arrow. |
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Define and give examples of solution, solute and solvent.
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Solution:
a. the process by which a gas, liquid, or solid is dispersed homogeneously in a gas, liquid, or solid without chemical change. b. such a substance, as dissolved sugar or salt in solution. c. a homogeneous, molecular mixture of two or more substances. Solute: A substance dissolved in another substance, usually the component of a solution present in the lesser amount. Solvent: A substance that dissolves another to form a solution: Water is a solvent for sugar; something that solves or explains. Water is known as the universal solvent. It is polar. |
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What do the terms hydrophobic and hydrophillic have to do with waters' polarity?
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A hydrophilic, which is water loving, (polar) molecule or portion of a molecule is one that is typically charge-polarized and capable of hydrogen bonding, enabling it to dissolve more readily in water than in oil or other hydrophobic solvents.
A hydrophobic (non polar) is made up of alcohol and fatty acyl chains. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules are also known as polar molecules and nonpolar molecules, respectively. (Some hydrophilic substances do not dissolve.) |
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What type of intramolecular bonds hold the oxygen and hydrogen together in a water molecule?
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Polar covalent bond?
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What type of intermolecular bonds hold differnt water molecules together?
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Hydrogen bonds?
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How does the chemistry of water relate to the following properties? It's heat capacity? It's capacity to act as a universal solvent? It's cohesion and it's density in its solid form? How do the properties just listed impact life as we know it?
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At first glance, water's chemistry seems relatively simple. It is only comprised of an oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms which are joined together by covalent bonds. But oxygen is not a nice atom, it is what is called an electron hungry atom. That means it attracts the electrons that are shared between it and the hydrogen atoms. The electrons, therefore, spend more time around the oxygen atom then they do the hydrogen atoms. This gives the oxygen a partially negative charge and the hydrogen atoms have a partially positive charge. These partial charges cause there to be weak attractions called hydrogen bonds between the molecules of water. This hydrogen bonding is responsible for the "life" giving properties of water which include the cohesion property of water, the temperature moderating property of water, ice's ability to float on water, and water as a solvent.
Cohesion is the property of water where the water molecules stick together due to the properties of hydrogen bonding. Plants use this property in order to transport water. As drop of water evaporates, it drags the rest of the water drops along behind it. A straw works much in the same way. Water also moderates temperature, it takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water one degree. Water also releases heat slowly and this has the effect of regulating the Earth's temperature keeping it within the range to make it habitatable. It also the reason why tempetures are always so moderate near the ocean. Water is an important molecule biologically because ice floats on water. This is because ice is less dense than water. The hydrogen bonds which break and reform in water become more permanent in ice. Therefore, water molecules in liquid water are closer together making it more dense. The is important because the ice isulates bodies of water like lakes or the ocean so that the whole body of water does not freeze. Only the top layer becomes frozen this allows the organisms living in the water body to survive the winter which they could not do if the body of water completely froze through. The last important property of water is its use as a solvent. It is called the universal solvent because many different compounds will dissolve in it and many different types of chemical reactions can take place in it. All of the chemical reactions in your body take place in water. Water is a very important biological molecule, if its chemical properties were any different then we could not live as we do today. |
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What is the relationship between the ionization of water and pH level of a solution?
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See above answer for explanation.
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What is the definition of an acid? What is the definition of a base? How does the term alkaline apply? How do these terms apply to the pH scale?
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The pH scale goes from 0-14. From 0-7 is the acid end, it has more H+. From 7-14 is the base end (alkaline), it has more OH-. Seven on the pH scale is neutral.
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What is a buffer? How do they work? What are some examples from your body?
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A buffering agent adjusts the pH of a solution. The function of a buffering agent is to drive an acidic or basic solution to a certain pH state and prevent a change in this pH. Buffering agents have variable properties -- some are more soluble than others; some are acidic while others are basic. As pH managers, they are important in many chemical applications, including agriculture, food processing, medicine and photography.
How a buffering agent works The way buffering agents work is seen in how buffer solutions work. Using Le Chatelier's principle we get an equilibrium expression between the acid and conjugate base. As a result we see that there is little change in the concentrations of the acid and base so therefore the solution is buffered. A buffering agent sets up this concentration ratio by providing the corresponding conjugate acid or base to stabilize the pH of that which it is added to. Well, large fluctuations in pH lead to the destruction of specifically shaped cells such as proteins. Therefore buffers are required in the blood and in tissue fluid to prevent these fluctuations. Amino acids are a good example. |
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How does salt formation relate to acids and bases?
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There are four combinations of strong and weak acids and bases:
•strong acid + strong base, e.g., HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O When strong acids and strong bases react, the products are salt and water. The acid and base neutralize each other, so the solution will be neutral (pH=7) and the ions that are formed will not reaction with the water. |
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ORGANIC V. INORGANIC
How do these terms, organic and inorganic differ? What are some examples of each? |
Organic chemistry deals with molecules and reactions that contain both hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbons). Many materials that we we use in everyday life are organic, like cloth, plastic, fuels, soap, etc. Inorganic chemistry deals with molecules that do not have carbon and hydrogen. These include metals, some rocks and minerals, water, etc. Most inorganic principles also apply to organic chemistry.
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If something is an organic compound, does that mean it is good for you? If something is inorganic, does it mean it is not good for you?
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No and no. We use both in our everyday life.
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What are the four categories of biologically significant organic compounds?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
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What are their subunits and main functions? What elements are they made out of?
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Carbs: sugar. Energy and structures. (C,O, H)
Lipids: Fatty acids & glycerol. Energy storage, and transport, part of structures, protection. (C,O,H) Proteins: Amino acids. Numerous: enzymes, structures, transport, etc.(H,N,C,O, S). Nucleic acids: Nuecleotides. Reproduction, operation of the cell; RNA, DNA. (C,O,N,H,P) |
