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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the levels of organization of living organisms from smallest to largest.
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cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
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What is the basic unit of life?
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The cell, for both unicellular and multi-cellular organisms
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What are the Characteristics of Life?
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organization, growth, development, reproduce, response to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, use energy
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What is cell differentiation?
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the process by which cells become different types of cells
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What is a tissue?
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a group of similar cells that work together to carry out specific tasks
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What is a stem cell?
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a unspecialized cell that is able to develop into many different types of cells
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What are the majors parts of the skeletal system? What is it's function?
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contains bones and connective tissues, e.g. skull, humerus, spinal column, functions in protection, movement, support and production and storage of materials in the body, e.g. fat, calcium, red blood cells
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What are the functions of the muscular system?
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movement, protection, stability, maintaining body temperature
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What are the three types of muscle? Are they voluntary or involuntary?
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skeletal (vol), cardiac (invol), smooth (invol)
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What are the parts of the integumentary system?
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skin, nails, and hair
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What are the functions of the integumentary system?
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protection, sensory response, temperature regulation, production of vitamin D, elimination of waste products
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What are the three layers of the skin?
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epidermis (outermost), dermis (middle), fatty layer (innermost)
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What are the six groups of nutrients?
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proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
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What is the function of the digestive system?
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to mechanically and chemically breakdown food into small particles and molecules that your body can absorb and use
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What are the two types of digestion?
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mechanical and chemical
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What is the function of enzymes?
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they are proteins that help break down large molecules
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What are the organs of the digestive tract?
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
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What are some of the organs that are part of the digestive system, but not in the digestive tract? What do they do?
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salivary glands, liver, pancreas, (produce digestive enzymes), gallbladder (stores bile)
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What is the function of the excretory system?
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collect and eliminate waste from the body and regulates the level of fluid in the body
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What organs are part of the excretory system? What is their function?
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kidneys (filter blood), ureters (connects kidneys to bladder), bladder (stores urine), urethra (carries urine from bladder to outside the body)
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How do the nervous and excretory system work together to maintain homeostasis?
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When the body needs to retain water the hypothalamus controls the release of a hormone that causes the tubules in the kidney to absorb more water from the blood
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How do the skin and circulatory system work together to maintain homeostasis?
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the blood vessels in the skin, constrict to conserve heat by reducing blood flow when you are cold and they dialate to cool your body when you are overheated
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What is the function of the respiratory system?
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take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
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What are the organs of the respiratory system?
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pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli,
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How do the muscular and respiratory system work together?
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when the diaphragm contracts the lungs expand and take in air, when the diaphragm relaxes you exhale
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What are the functions of the circulatory system?
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transportation of food, water, oxygen and other materials, elimination of waste materials like carbon dioxide
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What are the main organs of the circulatory system? What are their functions?
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heart, pushes blood through the system, arteries, carry blood away from heart, veins, carry blood to the heart, capillaries, deliver supplies to cells and take away waste materials
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What are the three types of circulation in the human body, and what is their function?
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systemic, carries blood from heart to body and back
coronary, supplies blood to the heart pulmonary, carries blood to and from the heart |
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What is one way the circulatory and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
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The nervous system regulates the heartbeat.
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What are the major parts of the lymphatic system?
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lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsils
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What is the function of the lymphatic system?
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absorbs tissue fluid from around cells
absorbs fats from digestive system and transports them to the circulatory system filters dead cells, viruses, bacteria from tissue fluid helps fight illness and infections |
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What is the function of the nervous system?
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to gather, process, and respond to information - it receives information from the five senses
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What are the main parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?
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the brain, (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem) and spinal cord
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What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
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uses sensory neurons and motor neurons to transmit information between the CNS and the rest of the body
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How does the nervous system function to maintain homeostasis?
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it senses changes in the environment and then signals other systems to make the needed adjustments
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What is the endocrine system?
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consists of groups of organs and tissues that release chemical messages into the bloodstream
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What is the function of the reproductive system?
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to produce the reproductive cells, sperm in males and eggs in females, and enable them to be joined to form a new offspring
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Give examples of plants and animals responding to stimuli, be sure to state the stimulus and the response.
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a plant grows toward (response) the light (stimulus), an animal controls the amount of blood near the surface of the skin (response) to changing temperature (stimulus)
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Where is hereditary information stored in the cell?
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on sections of chromosomes, called genes, which are made up of DNA
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Define sexual reproduction.
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a type of reproduction in which the genetic materials from two different cells combine, producing an offspring
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Define asexual reproduction.
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a type of reproduction when one parent organism produces offspring without meiosis and fertilization
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What are advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
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advantages include genetic variation and the possibility of selective breeding
disadvantages include the time (waiting for sex cells to mature) and energy (resources needed to find mates) needed |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
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advantages: reproduction without a mate, reproduce rapidly and in large numbers
disadvantages: offspring are genetically identical to parents, mutations are more easily passed to next generation |
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In regard to producers and consumers, what is the correct energy flow through a food web?
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energy flows from the producer to 1st order consumer, to 2nd order consumer, to 3rd order consumer
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Approximately how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
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about 10%
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What is a producer in an ecosystem?
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an organism that uses outside energy, the sun or chemical energy, to produce it's own food
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What is a consumer in an ecosystem?
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an organism that must acquire its food from other organisms because it cannot make its own food
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What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
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to break down dead organisms and organic waste, which releases nutrients back into the ecosystem
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What is the process by which producers transform the energy from the sun into food molecules? What about when they use chemical energy?
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photosynthesis
chemosynthesis |
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What are some biotic and abiotic factors that can limit populations?
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biotic - number of prey animals, numbers of producers, disease caused by bacteria, numbers of predators
abiotic - amount of sunlight, temperature, availability of water or shelter, natural disasters |
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Define population?
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all the organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time
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Define symbiosis and list the three types.
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a close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of food or energy
mutualism commensalism parasitism |
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Define mutualism and give an example.
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a symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit - boxer crabs and sea anemones
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Define commensalism and provide an example.
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a symbiotic relationship that benefits one species but does not harm or benefit the other - epiphytes on trees - trees provide support so they can get light and the tree is not affected
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Define parasitism and provide an example.
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a symbiotic relationship that benefits one species and harms the other - heartworms in dogs, the heartworm benefits by getting food, but the heart of the dog can eventually fail, leading to death
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What are some negative impacts humans have ecosystems?
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destruction of habitat, depletion of resources like water, damaging the soil with chemicals, interruption of migration patterns
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What are some positive impacts humans have ecosystems?
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protection of endangered species, restoration of habitats, managing overpopulation
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Define adaptation and list the three types.
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an inherited trait that increases an organism's chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment
structural behavioral functional |
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What is a structural adaptation?
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an adaptation that involves, color, shape or other physical characteristic - e.g. a turtle's neck or camoflage
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What is a behavioral adaptation?
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an adaptation that involves the way a organism acts- e.g. hunting at night, moving in herds
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What is a functional adaptation?
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an adaptation that involves internal body systems - e.g. hibernation, large blood vessels in a rabbits ears expand to cool the blood
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What is a major cause of extinctions?
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an organisms inability to adapt to an environmental change
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What are homologous structures? Give an example.
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body parts of organisms that are similar in structure and position but different in function
frogs use forelimbs to jump birds use forelimbs as wings to fly |
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What are four ways scientists use to determine common ancestry?
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comparative anatomy
vestigial structures developmental biology molecular biology |
