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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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habitat
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collection of enviornmental conditions in a place
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community
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all species living/interacting in one place
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niche
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unique role in community
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ecosystem
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community + enviornment
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biome
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related ecosystems grouped together
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chaparral
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- rainy winters
- dry summers - small evergreen shrubs - w. side of land masses - santa barbara, chile, etc. |
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parasitism
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1 organism gains, 1 is harmed
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predation
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1 organism gains, 1 is harmed
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mututalism
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both organisms gain
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commensalism
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1 organism gains, 1 is unaffected
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competition
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both organisms are harmed
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biodiversity
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-#/variance of identified species
-exact amount unknown (5-30 mill. species unidentified) |
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biosphere
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land, water, atmosphere, living organisms
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land
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rocks, soil
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water
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is everywhere - water vapor, oceans, rivers, lakes, evaporation, precipitation
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atmosphere
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gases: nitrogen + oxygen = 99%
other: 1% |
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living organisms
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insects, animals, plants, fugus, protists, bacteria, etc.
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insects
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50% of identified organisms
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animals
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20% of identified organisms
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plants
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20% of identified organisms
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fungus, protists, bacteria, etc.
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10% of identified species
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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-brain/spinal cord
-recieves info from PNS -sends commands to rest of body |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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-everything outside of CNS
-ex. nerves, sensory organs -collects info. and sends it to the CNS |
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tract
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-CNS
-bundle of axons |
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nuclei
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-CNS
-bundle of cell bodies |
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nerve
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-PNS
-bundle of axons |
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ganglion
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-PNS
-bundle of cell bodies |
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neuron
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-responsible for processing/carrying of info.
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dendrites
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recieve chemical messages
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axon
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covered by myelin
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myelin
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fatty insulation
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glia
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-support/protect neurons
-outnumber neurons 3:1 |
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blood-brain barrier (bbb)
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unique property of veins in nervous system that keeps blood from leaking in brain
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sensory neurons
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-collect information
-specialized to one modality |
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photo receptor
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-rods/cones
-respond to light intensity/wavelength -specialized to light - action potential |
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rod
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-senses light intensity
-activated in dim light -doesn't distinguish colors |
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cone
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-senses light wavelength
-specialized to colors |
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colorblind
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missing a cone
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hair cell
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-specialized to sound waves
-detect vibrations in cochlea -membrane vibrates and moves bones in inner ear, vibrates 2nd membrane, causes vibrations in fluid, moves hair cells -action potential is reached when "hairs" vibrate |
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cochlea
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spiral canal in inner ear filled with fluid
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sensory cells
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-specialized to smell/taste
-taste buds/olfactory receptors |
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taste buds
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-detect sweet/salty/bitter/sour
-presence of chemicals = action potential |
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olfactory receptors
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-specialized to scent
-presence of chemicals = action potential |
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naked nerve endings
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-specialized to pain
-sense secreted molecule -detect pressure |
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molecules secreted
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-secreted from stressed or damaged cells
-travel to nerve endings = action potential |
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detect pressure
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pressure on nerve endings = action potential
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sensory detectors
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-sense muscle length/tension
-pressure = action potential |
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forebrain
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higher learning, memory, vision, hearing, sensations from skin, etc.
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midbrain
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positive reenforcement sensory area
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hindbrain
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coordination, balance, involuntary movements, etc.
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learning
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change in behavior/knowledge based on experience
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declaritive learning
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-can be verbalized
-people, places, things, concepts -requires hippocampus |
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procedural learning
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-learning how to do things
-linked to behavior -doesn't require hippocampus -response to simple stimuli (habituation and sensitization) |
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habituation
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stops responding to repeated harmless stimuli (i.e. clock ticking, wearing clothes)
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sensitization
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harmful stimuli cause intensified response to less severe but related stimuli (i.e. fear of dogs)
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short term memory
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seconds/minutes
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long term memory
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days/years
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forgetting
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-active
-brain decides what is important, what isn't -frees up space |
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exocytosis
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vesicles fuse w/ plasma of synaptic terminal and release transmitters into space between cells
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pathogens
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-organisms that cause disease inside body
-ex. virus, protist, fungus, bacteria, self-replicating proteins -enter and kill host cells -prevent healthy tissue function -make toxins |
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immune system
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-fight infection/cancer
-recognizes self/non-self -heals wounds -comprised of white blood cells |
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white blood cells
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-derived of bone marrow
-travel in blood/lymph vessels |
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innate immune system
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-born w/ it
-respond 1st to infection -cells engulf bacteria, migrate up lymph vessel to lymph node, present bacteria and activate specific immunity |
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specific immune system
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-developed after birth
-uses lymphocytes to kill and neutralize pathogens and toxins |
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lymphocytes
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t-cells, b-cells
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b-cell
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-receptor binds directly to pathogen
-create antibodies |
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antibodies
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-coat bacteria, pathogens, etc.
-kill/neutralize |
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t-cell
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-relies on other cells to present bacteria instead of binding directly
-cause cells to apotose -coordinate other immune cells |
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memory cells
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-specific b/t cells in blood stream
-more easily activated -ex. chicken pox |
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vaccine
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creates memory cells
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memory cells
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-specific b/t cells in blood stream
-more easily activated -ex. chicken pox |
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vaccine
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creates memory cells
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