Life Science

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What is cell differentation?

Back 1

1) A process that occurs with the cells of a developing embryo bur can occur also in adults.
2) Determins what cell type each cell will become.

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Pyrimidines

Back 2

One Ring on double helix (Thymine and Cytosine)

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RNA

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A single stranded string of nucleotides

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Proteins

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made from ribosomes

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Transcription

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cells copy the instructions in the DNA into RNA

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Translation

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the process of protein production from messenger RNA

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What are cells that divide and remin undiffentiated called?

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Stem cells

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Prokaryotic
(Bacteria)

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Cell Wall, Cytoplasm, Nucleoid Plasmids, Ribosomes, Flangella

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What is the process of cell duplication when 2 daughter cells receive the exact same nuclear material as the original cell?

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Mitosis

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Cytoplasm

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rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles (tiny organs)

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What phase does the synthsis of new DNA occur?

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S phase (synthsis)

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Plasmids

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small portions of DNA not associated with the nuceloid

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What is the process called which gametes reduce their DNA content

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meiosis

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Vacuole

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basic storage unit within the cell

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Mitoosis can occur in cells such as? (3)

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Skin
Liver
Other organs in the digestive system

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Centrosomes

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the center that helps to for and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis

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Natural Selection

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theory that organisms with favorable traits are most successful in reproduction

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What type of cells are fertilized eggs? haploid or diploid

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Diploid

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Alleles

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two of more different forms of a certain gene

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In a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome called____.

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homologous

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Mutations

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changes in DNA that affect the way a gene functions

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What is cytokinesis?

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Separtation of two sets of chromosomes into different cells. Then mitosis is complete.

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Nucleic Acids

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to store and transmit hereditary information

contains nucleotides: pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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What phase is when:
The spindle fibers form and the centrioles moves to the opposite sides of the cell. The nuclear membrane disapears.

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Mitosis

Prophase

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Pentose

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a sugar

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What phase is when:
the chromosomes begin to separate from their daughters. Cytokineses begins.

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mitosis

Anaphase

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Double Helix

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DNA- weak bonds are able to form between the hydrogen atoms and oxygen or nitrogen atoms between bases and strands of DNA

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What phase is it when:
Identical sets of chromosomes are at the opposite ends of the cells. Spindle fibers disappear,nuclear membranes reappear, and cytokinesis completes.

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mitosis

Telophase

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Hydrogen Bond

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a weak bond.....which connects hidrogen bases

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What phase is it called when:
Homologous chromosomes condense and link in the process forming tetrad. This allows crossing over or recombination to occur.

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Meiosis
Prophase I

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What phase is it called when:
Homologous chromosomes separate, but the sister chromatids stay together.

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Meiosis
Anaphase I

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What phase is called when:
Cytokinesis has occurred and two haploid daughter cells are the result

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Meiosis
Telophase I

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RNA

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A single stranded string of nucleotides

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What phase is it when:
Four haploid cells result after cytokinesis

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Meiosis
Telophase II

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Proteins

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made from ribosomes

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Transcription

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cells copy the instructions in the DNA into RNA

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Translation

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the process of protein production from messenger RNA

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Cytoplasm

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rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles (tiny organs)

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Double Helix

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DNA- weak bonds are able to form between the hydrogen atoms and oxygen or nitrogen atoms between bases and strands of DNA

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Hydrogen Bond

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a weak bond.....

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Purines

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two rings on double helix (Adenine and Guanine)

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Chloroplast

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holds chlorophyll

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Vacuoles

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holds waters and helps maintain proper cell pressure

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Chromosomes

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contain genes that specifies the production of proteins

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Protein

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a chain of amino acids

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Zygote

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a fertilized egg that is in the stage of dividing and consist of a mass of cells

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Stem Cells
(consist of)

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cells can divide and remain undifferentiated. ---this produces stem cells.

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Differentiation

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determines what cell type each cell will become

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Mitosis

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when cells copy and produce and exact 2 duplicate cells

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Interphase

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G1 and G2(cell growth) (gaps between mitosis and DNA synthesis), and S (synthesis, helix unwinds)

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Gametes

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the cells that form a new organism

haploid cells

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Diploid Cells

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two sets of chromosomes
fertilized egg is a diploid cell

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Haploid Cells

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a single set of chromosomes

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Meiosis

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the process by which gametes reduce their DNA content

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Homologous

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a twin chromosome

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Cytokinesis

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the process of separating the 2 sets of chromosomes

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Chromatids

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chromosomes attached at one spot form sister chromatids

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Respiration

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C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

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Heterotrophs

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organisms that cannot produce their own food

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Cellular Respiration

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glucose that is broken down

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Glycolysis

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the process of transferring some energy in glucose to ATP

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Amino Acids

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the building blocks of proteins

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Genome

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a complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes

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Mutagen

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a substance that induces mutations

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DNA Polymerase

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an enzyme that speeds up the process of DNA synthesis and proofreads the synthesized strands

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Mismatch Repair
(if not working properly
can cause cancer)

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a backup plan; scans over DNA to find mismatched pairs

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Germ Cell
(reproductive cells that
give rise to sperm and ovum)

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mutations passed on to future generations

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Heterozygous

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each parent gives a different allele for a particular trait

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Homozygous

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when each parent give the same allele for a particular trait.

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Codon

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combinations of AT, CG, ---AND U... 64 codons...

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Intraspecific competition

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is a particular form of competition in which members of the same species vie for the same resource in an ecosystem (e.g. food, light

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Interspecific competition

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is a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem (e.g. food