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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oxidation reaction |
Loss of hydrogen, gain of oxygen bonds |
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Reduction reaction |
Gain of hydrogen, loss of oxygen bonds |
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Hydrolysis reaction |
AB + H2O --> A + B |
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Dehydration synthesis |
A + B --> AB + H2O |
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Synthesis reaction |
A + B --> AB |
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Catabolism |
All the decomposition reactions that occur in your body |
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Anabolism |
All the synthesis reactions that occur in your body |
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Covalent bonds |
Bond formed by sharing elections in outer shell |
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Ionic bonds |
Bonds formed by transferring an electron/electrons from one atom to another |
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Eukaryote |
Membrane enclosed nucleus, has organelles, many chromosomes ex. fungi, plants, animals |
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Prokaryote |
Organism with no membrane bound nucleus, one chromosome, lack organelles ex. bacteria |
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Symbiosis |
Two organisms that live in close proximity to one another and if separated both may die |
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Mutualism |
++ relationship, both benefit ex. Lactobacilli in vagina, prevents BV and yeast infections |
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Parasitism |
+ - relationship, one benefits while other suffers ex. Trichomonas vaginalis causes strawberry cervix |
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Commensalism |
+ 0 relationship One benefits while the other is unaffected ex. Staphylococcus epidermidis |
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Aerobic organisms |
Develop in presence of O2 ex. cultures from vaginal swabs |
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Anaerobes |
Develop in absence of O2 ex. intestinal flora |
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Obligate aerobes |
Organisms that need O2 to survive ex. Staphylococcus epidermidis |
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Obligate anaerobes |
Organisms killed by O2 ex. C. tetani |
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Facultative aerobes |
Anaerobic molecules that can survive with O2, but prefers conditions with no O2 "Aerobic if I have to be" |
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Facultative aerobes |
Can survive without O2 but prefers aerobic conditions "Anaerobic if I have to be" |
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Microaerophilic |
Prefers low O2 and high CO2 ex. GBS |
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Fastidious |
Needs specific nutrients/conditions to grow ex. Mobiluncus spp. needs pH of 5 to grow |
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Spherical shaped bacteria |
Cocci |
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Rod shaped bacteria |
Bacilli |
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Bacteria with two twists |
Spirillum |
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"Corkscrew" shaped bacteria |
Spirochete |
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Pairs of bacteria |
Diplo- |
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Grape-like clusters of bacteria |
Staphylo- |
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Chains of bacteria |
Strepto- |
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Cheeto shaped / curved rod shape |
Vibrio |
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Gram positive bacteria |
Thick peptidoglycan wall Stains purple No outer lipid layer, susceptible to antibiotics |
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Gram negative bacteria |
Thin layer of peptidoglycan Stains pink Outer lipid layer has LPS (lipopolysaccharides) that can protect against antibiotics |
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Capsule & slime layer Made of polysaccharides and/or protein |
Prokaryotic structure |
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Asexual bacterial reproduction - "binary fission" |
Involves one individual Bacteria splits into two |
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Sexual bacterial reproduction |
Involves joining of two parents that exchange DNA This is how antibiotic resistance is acquired |
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MRSA |
Methicillin-resistants Staphylococcus aureus |
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Catalase |
Some bacteria produce this to resist killing by phagocytes This test is used to identify Staphylococcus spp.; all are positive 2H2O2 ---> 2H2O + O2 |
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Coagulase |
Enzyme responsible for plasma clotting Converts human fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin Used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococcus isolates (S. aureus is +, S. epidermidis is -) |
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Alpha hemolytic enzymes |
Partial lysis of red blood cells ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Beta hemolytic enzymes |
Complete lysis of red blood cells ex. Streptococcus agalactiae |
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Gamma hemolytic enzymes |
No lysis of red blood cells ex. Enterococcus faecalis |
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Exotoxins |
A toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings Produced and secreted by both G+ and G- baceria Pathogenic ex. Staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome |
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Endotoxin |
A toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates Produced by G- bacteria and released when bacterial membranes are broken ex. Salmonella poisoning |
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Pathogen |
Organism that causes or is a source of disease |
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Primary pathogen |
Causes disease in healthy people, not from normal flora ex. Chlamydia trachomatis |
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Opportunistic pathogen |
Rarely causes disease in people with intact defenses (intact immune system, skin, mucosa) Can be from normal flora ex. E. coli |
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Factors that determine level of virulence |
1. Adherence 2. Invasiveness 3. Ability to produce exotoxins 4. Evasion (Capsule formation around bacteria, intracellular replication) 5. Ability to resist attack 6. Ability to resist antibiotics |
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Bacteriocidal antibiotics |
Antibiotic that kills bacterial directly |
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Bacteriostatic antibiotics |
Antibiotic that stops the growth or division of bacteria but need actively fighting immune system or infection takes long to resolve |
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Cell wall synthesis inhibitors |
Antibiotic that interferes with last step of bacterial cell wall synthesis: cross linking causing the bacteria to lyse Penicillin class (Amoxicillin - clavulanic acid; Cloxacillin) Cephalosporin class (Cephalexin, Cefazolin) |
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DNA synthesis inhibitors |
Antibiotic that gets inside bacteria (porins), prevents DNA from rewinding so bacteria die Fluoroquinolones (Ciproflaxin) Antiseptics (Nitrofurantoin) |
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tRNA synthesis inhibitors |
Mupirocin |
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Protein synthesis inhibitors |
DNA is transcribed to mRNA, mRNA goes through your ribosomes to be read, translated into protein. This type of antibiotic prevents this by binding to bacterial ribosomes and interfere with protein synthesis Four types: aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol |
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Beta-lactam antibiotics |
Interferes with last step of bacterial cell wall synthesis Betalactam binds to penicillin-binding protein (PBPs) on cell wall Good for G+ cocci, some G- cocci and some spirochetes |
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MRSA |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Has altered its PBPs to resist methicillin |
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Cephalosporin class |
Advantages: Looks like penicillin class but tends to be more resistant to certain beta-lactamases |
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Beta-lactamase |
Produced by some bacteria to resist lysis (antibiotic resistance) |
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Aminogylcosides |
Gentamicin, Streptomycin Excellent for aerobic G- bacilli Given to women with prolonged rupture of membranes |
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Macrolides |
Clindamycin (M, UTI, BV) or Erythromycin (Eyes of newborn - GBS) Effective against many of the same organisms as penicillin Side effects: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting Acceptable choice if client has history of betalactam hypersensitivities |
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Tetracycline |
Broad spectrum antibiotic Used for aerobic/anaerobic species of G+/G- bacteria, chlamydial infections, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Neisseriae gonorrhea Bacterial resistance common in Staphylococci, Streptococci, E. coli Side effects: Yellowing of teeth, binds to bones/teeth of foetus, depression of skeletal growth |
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Chloramphenicol |
Wide spectrum antibiotic Used in low income countries - inexpensive Side effects: Aplastic anemia (bone marrow does not produce enough new cells to replenish blood cells), grey baby syndrome (pale babies, cyanosis) 50% fatalities |
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Ciprofloxacin |
UTI treatment Good for E. coli Side effects: weaken cartilage and tendons so associated w/increased risk of tendon rupture |
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Folate synthesis inhibitors |
Inhibits cell division, DNA/RNA synthesis and repair and protein synthesis Sulfamethoxazole - trimethoprim |
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Folic acid |
Humans need it to make bases for DNA Deficiency in early pregnancy can cause neural tube defects - neural tube is formed very early in pregnancy and requires massive cell division |
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Staphylococcus aureus |
- G+ - Catalase +, coagulase + - Beta hemolytic - Part of normal flora in nasopharynx in 10-40% of population - Classically has golden/yellow pigmentation, may look creamy or white - Causes invasive infections (like mastitis), SSSS, toxic shock syndrome |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis |
- Catalase +, coagulase - - Gamma hemolytic - G+ - Normal flora on skin - Causes opportunistic infections when skin is open (ex. around indwelling IV catheters) - Usually not pathogenic unless client is immunocompromised |
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Streptococcus pyogenes |
Group A Strep (GAS) - G+ - Catalase - - Beta hemolytic - Produces hyaluronidase - Causes streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, puerperal sepsis - Treated with penicillin |
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Puerperal sepsis |
"Childbed fever" - Contracted by women during or shortly after childbirth, miscarriage or abortion - Occurs between the onset of rupture of membranes or labour & the 42nd day following delivery or abortion - Two or more of the following will be present: - Pelvic pain, fever of 38.45ºC or more orally, abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal smell/foul odour, delay in the rate of reduction of the size of the uterus - If untreated: septic shock--> death - Caused by placental remnants, bacterial infection of uterus (endometritis) - Clindamycin or gentamicin |
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Streptococcus agalactiae |
Group B Strep (GBS) - Beta hemolytic - G+ - Commonly found in GI tract, reproductive and urinary tract - Catalase - - Causes --> Newborn: congenital pneumonia, neonatal sepsis and meningitis; Mom: UTI, sepsis, chorioamnionitis, postpartum endometritis, pelvic thrombophlebitis |
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Escherichia coli |
- G- - Can be alpha, beta, or gamma hemolytic. Most pathogenic strains are beta - Found in the GI tract of most warm-blooded animals - Treated with ampicillin (cell wall synthesis inhibitors) |
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Bacterial vaginosis |
Prokaryotic pH >4.5 Wet mount: PMNs, clue cells Whiff test: positive Most common cause of vaginal discharge Overgrowth of genital tract organisms Not usually considered sexually transmitted In preg.: causes premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, preterm labour, preterm birth, post CS endometritis Treated with Metronidazole, Clindamycin |
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Vulvovaginal candidiasis |
90% of cases caused by Candida albicans (uncomplicated), 10% caused by other Candida spp. or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (complicated) Not usually considered sexually transmitted |
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Trichomoniasis |
Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis Sexually transmitted |
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Gardnerella vaginalis |
Pleomorphic (comes in different shapes) Cocco-bacilli Falcultative anaerobe, beta hemolytic Gram variable |
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Chlamydia |
Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis Many are asymptomatic, underscreened Incubation: 2-3 wks, as many as 6 wks Obligate intracellular parasite, anaerobic Symptoms: Cervicitis, discharge, dysuria, lower abdom. pain, vag. bleeding, dyspareunia, conjunctivitis, proctitis, testicular pain Causes: PID, ectopic preg., pelvic pain, Reiter syndrome, infertility, eipidymo-orchitis (testicular infection) Amoxicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin |
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Treponema pallidum |
Causative agent of syphilis Anaerobic spirochete G-, Catalase - Transmitted through vaginal (including birth and in utero), anal, oral sexual contact Stage 1 - Canker at infection site 10-90 days after exposure, infectious Stage 2 - 1 wk to 6 wks after canker disappears, flu-like with rash, chondyloma lata lesions & maculopapular rash on palms and soles Latent stage - Persistent infection w/o symptoms Stage 3 - Rare, 1-10 or ~50 years after initial canker. Severe cases: gummas causing perforations, neuological symptoms, personality changes First three stages (before tertiary) treatable with penicillin |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
- G- - Diplococcus - Causes cervicitis, urethritis, PID - Symptoms: fever, dermatitis, profuse yellow irritating mucopurulent discharge Diagnosis is strongly associated w/co-infection of C. trachomatis Treatment for both is recommended unless testing for Chlamydia is negative Ciprofloxacin |
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Yeast |
Unicellular Reproduction via budding Rounded shape Moist & mucoid colonies |
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Mold |
Multicellular Filamentous hyphae formation |
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Fungi |
Eukaryotes Absorptive heterotrophs (Incapable of synthesizing carbs from inorganic sources; requires preformed organic compounds produced by other organisms) |
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Candida albicans |
Part of normal human flora (in gut, genitals, lungs) Can be commensal - grows alongside lactobacilli, unicellular here. If environment is disturbed (antibiotics, douching, sex) - this allows it to grow and become filamentous (pathogenic) Has carbs/sugars that bind well to vaginal epithelium Causes thrush, VVC, diaper rash - treat w/antifungals |
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Protozoans |
Unicellular eukaryotes Protista No common basic structure, size, or shape Four major groups: amoeba, flagellates, ciliates, apicomplexans/sporozoa |
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Flagellates |
Most human pathogens in this group Most primitive of the protozoans Pathogenic ones include Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma spp. |
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Trichomonas vaginalis |
Associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes: premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, low birth weight Treating asymptomatic Trich in preg not recommended |
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Toxoplasma gondii |
Causes toxoplasmosis Carried by rats, mice, cats If infected in beginning or right before pregnancy, can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature labour If infected late in pregnancy, fetus has no defences; causes blindness, hydrocephaly, brain damage If mom has been infected for many years, she passes antibodies through placenta to fetus - unaffected Take anti-parasitic |
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Viruses |
Acellular organisms w/DNA & RNA Obligate intracellular organisms Use host metabolic machinery and ribosomes to form a pool of components which assemble into particles called virions, which serve to protect the genome and transfer it to other cells |
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Viral structure |
- Capsid (outer shell) - Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) - Capsomer (protein complex) - Nucleocapsid - Virion (complete virus particle) - Envelope (sometimes) - Spike (key used to anchor to host) |
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Viral replication |
1. Glycoprotein matches receptors on the host cell 2. Virus is taken in by endocytosis 3. Capsid disassembles, nucleic acids are released into cell 4. DNA-reading apparatus of cell replicates viral DNA. Transcription & translation produce more protein coats and glycoprotein spikes 5. Envelope glycoproteins move to host cell surface. Virions assemble in host cell. 6. Viruses acquire their membrane when they are released from the cell |
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Viral infection by transformation |
- Viral DNA is taken up into host cell DNA - Host cells become "transformed" - they still divide like normal human cells but may lose contact inhibition and grow out of control (cancer) |
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Herpes Simplex Virus |
HSV-1 and HSV-2 Genital herpes can be caused by either, most often HSV-2 Transmitted: HSV-2 transmitted sexually, direct skin contact with herpetic lesions, vesicle fluid, vaginal and urethral secretions. Can be transmitted from mom to baby during birth or in utero. Treatment: Acyclovir - stops DNA replication in virus. For those who have had an outbreak within previous year, prophylaxis @ 36 wks until delivery with acyclovir is recommended |
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) |
Often has no symptoms, can cause condyloma lata lesions (genital warts) Persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV is associated with pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical changes Vertical transmission is rare but causes respiratory papillomatosis: warts in airway that are only clinically apparent within 2 years |
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Hepatitis |
Affects the liver Caused by a toxin (alcohol), a drug (acetaminophen), or viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV) |
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Hepatitis A Virus |
Transmission is oral/fecal (unsanitary conditions, contaminated water) No vertical transmission in pregnancy Not detrimental to newborn, few symptoms Hasn't been found in breastmilk Mom can take gamma globulin to treat, safe when breastfeeding |
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Hepatitis B Virus |
Transmission: - Via blood (needle sharing, tattooing, piercing, acupuncture) - Most highly transmitted hepatitis from mom to child, vertical transmission only at time of delivery (blood & fluids) but not transplacentally - Horizontal transmission; person to person - Sexual transmission from contact w/open lesion - Safe to breastfeed unless nipples are cracked & bleeding Symptoms: anorexia, jaundice, nausea
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Hepatitis C Virus |
Vertical transmission is low (7.9%) No vaccines for it Treatment contraindicated in preg (interferon-alpha and ribavirin) No evidence it is spread via breastmilk unless nipples are cracked & bleeding |
