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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 2 things phylogenic trees can be reconstructed based on?
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Morphological changes and DNA sequences
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Give an example of the co-speciation seen using a phylogenetic approach.
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Mosquito-malaria relationship
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When were Neanderthals discovered?
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Neander Valley of Germany in 1856
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Describe the Neanderthal history with respect to humans.
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It is believed that the Neandertahls lived in Euro. between 300,000 to 30,000 years ago and coexcited with H. sapiens during some time of their history.
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What is the "Out-of-Africa" hypothesis?
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H. sapiens arose from a single AFrican population about 100,000 to 200,000 years ago and replaced the pre-existing archaic humans.
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What is the "Multiregional" model?
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The modern human arose independently and concurrently from several archaid lineages that lived across different parts of the world - some of the modern humans are more closely related to archac humans than to each other
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What will we be amplifying in this lab?
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A non-coding control region called the "D-loop" from our mitocontrial DNA
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What are we comparing our mitochondrial DNA to?
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That of Neandertahsl, chimpanzees, and other known human populations
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Why is mtDNA useful?
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There are many copies of its genome within a cell, while there are only 2 copies of nuclear genes. Each cell contains several thousand mitochondria.
Also, it is hypervariable and accumulates mutations 10 times faster than the nuclear genome ~ most people have a unique pattern of DNa sequences in this region and exhibit single nucleotide polymorphisms |
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How is the DNA concentrated into a pelet after collection?
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Centrifuge
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What is done with the collected DNA?
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1. Samples are heated to break up the cells and denature proteins
2. Add Chelex beads |
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What are Chelex beads?
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Bind to Mg+ ions that are essential cofactors for DNAase activity and remove them away from the DNA to protect DNA from being nicked
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How big is the region of mtDNA we are going to amplify?
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~300 bp
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