Life History Patterns, Foraging And Reproduction

Front 1

resident, non-migratory: foraging/reproduction

Back 1

-both feeding and breeding occurs in the same location. (no migration)

Front 2

highly migratory: foraging/reproduction

Back 2

-reside in feeding ground and migrate to breeding grounds
-reside in breeding grounds and migrate to feeding grounds

Front 3

metabolic cost of acquiring prey (diagram)

Back 3

-refer to slide #8 or pic flashcards

Front 4

reproductive investment: male vs. female

Back 4

-males: low investment, potentially high energetic costs (competition)
-females: high investment: gestation and lactation.

Front 5

reproductive patterns

Back 5

-sirenians: 1 calf every 2-7 years, weaning 1-2 years
-sea otters: 1 pup every 1-2 years, weaning 5 months
-polar bears: 1-2 pups every 2-4 years, weaning 2 years
-odontocete: 1 calf every 2-8 years, weaning at 0.5- 10+ years, FEEDS during lactation
-mysticete: 1 calf every 1-3 years, weaning at 5-12months, FAST during lactation
-phocidae: 1 pup every year, weaning 4-50 days, fast during lactation
-otariidae: 1 pup every year, weaning 4 - 12 months, feeds intermittently
-odobenidae: 1 calf every 2-4 years, weaning at 2 years, feed while lactating

Front 6

patterns of maternal investment

Back 6

-birth mass
-pup growth
-lactation interval
-milk composition

Front 7

birth mass vs. maternal mass

Back 7

-positive relationship
-marine mammals have higher birth mass than terrestrial mammals (terrestrial mammals have more protection)
*slide 14*

Front 8

growth rate vs. maternal mass

Back 8

-positive relationship
*slide 17*

Front 9

time to weaning relative to maternal mass

Back 9

-positive correlation
-phocids and mystecetes wean much sooner than all other marine mammals
*slide 18*

Front 10

milk composition in mammals

Back 10

-milk contains water, lipids, and proteins
-the higher the water concentration, the lower the lipid concentration
-the higher the lipid concentration, the lower water concentration
-protein concentration is constant
-marine mammals that wean sooner have higher lipid concentrations
*slide 20*

Front 11

pup growth relative to milk fat content

Back 11

-positive relationship
-the higher growth rate, the higher the milk fat concentration
*slide 21*

Front 12

capital provisioner vs. income provisioner

Back 12

-capital provisioner: short lactation, fasts while lactating, rapid pup growth (phocids)
-income provisioner: long lactation, feeds while lactating, slow pup growth (otariids)

Front 13

central place foraging theory: nearby vs. distant foraging site

Back 13

-near foraging site: many short duration trips, spends time with young
-distant foraging site: few long duration trips, maximize energy return per trip
-as maximum distance traveled increase, so does trip duration
-milk fat increases with trip duration
-rate of milk consumption increase with trip duration

Front 14

rate of milk production

Back 14

-animals with short lactation durations have high rates of milk production
-ex: hooded seal, harp seal, weddell seal
-lactation duration is also related to habitat (fast/pack ice)
-fast ice: attached to shore and is stable
-pack ice: unpredictable both seasonally and annually

Front 15

fasting

Back 15

-animals lower the Basal Metabolic Rate
-fat stores increases with body mass
-large animals can fast longer

Front 16

metabolic overhead

Back 16

-describes the way energy is distributed in an animal
-ex: distribution between maintenance metabolism and milk energy (in mom) or metabolism and growth (in pup)
-at the start of lactation, all energy goes towards milk production. As lactation interval increases, amount of energy for milk production decreases and goes towards maternal metabolism.
-at the end of lactation 100% maternal energy goes to metabolism, 0% to milk production
-the observed ratio is 62:38 (metabolism:milk)
-large size is advantageous to metabolic overhead

Front 17

exceptions

Back 17

-australian sea lion: 18 month lactation, the only a-seasonal pinniped, potentially related to low nutrient, stable environment
-galapagos fur seal: 2-3 year lactation, gives birth annually (1 pup ends up dying)

Front 18

cetacean reproductive patterns

Back 18

-mysticetes = capital provisioner: short lactation, fasts while lactating, rapid calf growth
-odontocetes = income provisioner: long lactation, feeds while lactating, slow calf growth

Front 19

fundamental constraint of foraging behavior

Back 19

-returning to the surface to breathe
-phocids and odontocetes have highest dive duration and depths

Front 20

aerobic dive limit (ADL)

Back 20

ADL = Oxygen stores/metabolic rate

Front 21

metabolic rate vs. math

Back 21

-positive relationship
-as mass increases so does metabolic rate and oxygen stores